ANALYSING CONTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF INDIGENOUS LEAFY VEGETABLES (ILVS) TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the determinants of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to the household income of rural households in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The study covered three district municipalities within the province. Multistage Sampling and Proportional Random Sampling techniques were used to select rural households, with the household heads as the unit of analysis. A sample size of 407 households was considered for the study and a questionnaire was used to collect data. Regression estimates discovered that the amount spent on ILV production and the price of ILV per kg positively influence the income generated from ILVs.
Keywords
Eastern Cape Province; gross margin; household income; multiple linear regression
References
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Mabhaudhi, T., Chibarabada, T.P., Chimonyo, V.G.P., Murugani, V.G., Pereira, L.M., Sobratee, N., Govender, L., Slotow, R., Modi, A.T. (2019). Mainstreaming underutilized indigenous and traditional crops into food systems: A South African perspective. Sus-tainability, 11, 172.
Mahlangu, S.A., Belete, A., Hlongwane, J.J., Luvhengo, U., Mazibuko, N. (2021). Identifying potential markets for African leafy veg-etables: Case study of farming households in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Int. J. Agronom., 2020, 1–8.
Maseko, I., Mabhaudhi, T., Tesfay, S., Araya, H.T., Fezzehazion, M., Du Plooy, C.P. (2017). African leafy vegetables: A review of status, production and utilization in South Africa. Sustainability, 10, 1–16.
Mashile, S., Tshisikhawe, M., Masevhe, N. (2019). Indigenous fruit plants species of the Mapulana of Ehlanzeni district in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. South Afr. J. Bot., 122, 180–183.
Mayekiso, A. (2016). Production of indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to household food security: Evidence from Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Masters Dissertation, University of Fort Hare.
Mayekiso, A., Taruvinga, A., Mushunje, A. (2017). Rural household food security status among indigenous leafy vegetable producers and non-producers: Evidence from Coffee Bay, South Africa. J. Adv. Agric. Technol., 4(2), 190–195.
Mbhenyane, X.G. (2017). Indigenous Foods and their Contribution to Nutrient Requirements. South Afr. J. Clin. Nutr., 30(4), 5–7.
Mulaudzi, V.S., Oyekale, A.S., Ndou, P. (2019). Technical efficiency of African indigenous vegetable production in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Open Agric., 4, 778–786.
Mungofa, N., Malongane, F., Tabit, F.T. (2018). An exploration of the consumption, cultivation and trading of indigenous leafy vegeta-bles in rural communities in the Greater Tubatse Local Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. J. Consum. Sci., 3, 53–67.
Neugart, S., Baldermann, S., Ngwene, B., Wesonga, J. (2017). Indigenous leafy vegetables of Eastern Africa – A source of extraordi-nary secondary plant metabolites. Food Res. Int., 100, 411–422.
Ngugi, I.K., Gitau, R., Nyoro, J.K. (2006). Kenya access to high-value markets by smallholder farmers of African indigenous vegeta-bles. London: IIED.
Nyaruwata, C. (2019). Contribution of selected indigenous vegetables to household income and food availability in Wedza District of Zimbabwe. Acta Sci. Agric., 3(3), 170–188.
Seeiso, M.T., Materecha, C.A. (2014). Biomass yields and crude protein content of two African ILVs in response to kraal manure ap-plication and leaf cutting management. Afr. J. of Agric. Res., 9 (3), 397–406.
Senyolo, G.M., Wale, E., Ortmann, G.F. (2018). Analysing the value chain for African leafy vegetables in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Cog. Soc. Sci., 4, 1–16.
Pichop, G.N., Abukutsa-Onyango, M., Noorani, A., Nono-Womdim, R. (2016). Importance of indigenous food crops in tropical Africa: case study. Acta Hortic., 1128, 315–322.
Rampa, F., Knaepen, H. (2019). Sustainable food systems through diversification and indigenous vegetables: An analysis of the South-ern Nakuru County. Report I. Maastricht, Netherlands: European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM).
Shonshai, V.F. (2016). Analysing South African indigenous knowledge policy and its alignment to government’s attempts to promote indigenous vegetables. PhD Thesis., University of Kwa-Zulu Natal.
Statistics handbook (2018). An overview of statistical methods. Available from: https://unctad.org>tdstat43_en. Accessed: 19 Novem-ber 2018.
Uusiku, N.P., Oelofse, A., Duodu, K.G., Bester, M.J., Faber, M. (2010). Nutritional value of leafy vegetables of Sub-Saharan Africa and their potential contribution to human health: A review. J. Food Compos. Anal., 23, 499–509.
Van der Hoeven, M., Osei, J., Greeff, M., Kruger, A., Faber, M., Smuts, C.M. (2013). Indigenous and traditional plants: South African parents’ knowledge, perceptions and uses and their children’s sensory acceptance. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 9(1), 78–89.
Vivas, J., Kim, M., Takagi, C., Kirimi, L. (2022). Adopting African indigenous vegetables: A dynamic panel analysis of smallholders in Kenya. J. Agric. Res. Econ. Retrieved from: https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.316750
Weinberger, K., Pasquini, M., Kasambula, P., Abukutsa-Onyango, M. (2011). Supply chains for indigenous vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of Uganda and Kenya: a gendered perspective. In: D. Mithöfer (ed.), Vegetable production and marketing in Afri-ca: Socio-economic research (pp. 169–181). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI.
Wemali, E.N.C. (2015). Contribution of cultivated African indigenous vegetables to agrobiodiversity conservation and community livelihood in Mumias Sugar Belt, Kenya. PhD Thesis, Kenyatta University.
Bremer, M. (2012). Multiple linear regression: Math 261 lecture. Wollongong, Australia: Wollongong University.
Chivenge, P., Mabhaudhi, T., Modi, A.T., Mafongoya, P. (2015). The potential role of neglected and underutilised crop species as fu-ture crops under water scarce conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 12, 5685–5711.
ECDC (Eastern Cape Development Corporation). (2018). Spatial and rural development review report. Retrieved May 14th 2019 from: http://www.ecdc.co.za
Essack, H., Odhav, B., Mellem, J.J. (2017). Screening of traditional south african leafy vegetables for specific anti-nutritional factors before and after processing. Food Sci. Technol. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-457x.20416
Gido, E.O., Bett, H.K., Bokelmann, W. (2016). Importance of African indigenous vegetables in food systems. Afr. J. Hortic. Sci., 10, 34–41.
Kansiime, M.K., Ochieng, J., Kessy, R., Karanja, D., Romney, D., Afari-Sefa, V. (2018). Changing knowledge and perceptions of African indigenous vegetables: The role of community-based nutritional outreach. Dev. Pract., 28(4), 480–493.
Khoza, T.M., Senyolo, G.M., Mmbengwa, V.M., Soundy, P. (2019). Socio-economic factors influencing smallholder farmers’ decision to participate in agro-processing industry in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Cogent Soc. Sci., 5(1), 1664193.
Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques (2nd revised ed). New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
Mabhaudhi, T., Chibarabada, T.P., Chimonyo, V.G.P., Murugani, V.G., Pereira, L.M., Sobratee, N., Govender, L., Slotow, R., Modi, A.T. (2019). Mainstreaming underutilized indigenous and traditional crops into food systems: A South African perspective. Sus-tainability, 11, 172.
Mahlangu, S.A., Belete, A., Hlongwane, J.J., Luvhengo, U., Mazibuko, N. (2021). Identifying potential markets for African leafy veg-etables: Case study of farming households in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Int. J. Agronom., 2020, 1–8.
Maseko, I., Mabhaudhi, T., Tesfay, S., Araya, H.T., Fezzehazion, M., Du Plooy, C.P. (2017). African leafy vegetables: A review of status, production and utilization in South Africa. Sustainability, 10, 1–16.
Mashile, S., Tshisikhawe, M., Masevhe, N. (2019). Indigenous fruit plants species of the Mapulana of Ehlanzeni district in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. South Afr. J. Bot., 122, 180–183.
Mayekiso, A. (2016). Production of indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to household food security: Evidence from Coffee Bay, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Masters Dissertation, University of Fort Hare.
Mayekiso, A., Taruvinga, A., Mushunje, A. (2017). Rural household food security status among indigenous leafy vegetable producers and non-producers: Evidence from Coffee Bay, South Africa. J. Adv. Agric. Technol., 4(2), 190–195.
Mbhenyane, X.G. (2017). Indigenous Foods and their Contribution to Nutrient Requirements. South Afr. J. Clin. Nutr., 30(4), 5–7.
Mulaudzi, V.S., Oyekale, A.S., Ndou, P. (2019). Technical efficiency of African indigenous vegetable production in Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Open Agric., 4, 778–786.
Mungofa, N., Malongane, F., Tabit, F.T. (2018). An exploration of the consumption, cultivation and trading of indigenous leafy vegeta-bles in rural communities in the Greater Tubatse Local Municipality, Limpopo Province, South Africa. J. Consum. Sci., 3, 53–67.
Neugart, S., Baldermann, S., Ngwene, B., Wesonga, J. (2017). Indigenous leafy vegetables of Eastern Africa – A source of extraordi-nary secondary plant metabolites. Food Res. Int., 100, 411–422.
Ngugi, I.K., Gitau, R., Nyoro, J.K. (2006). Kenya access to high-value markets by smallholder farmers of African indigenous vegeta-bles. London: IIED.
Nyaruwata, C. (2019). Contribution of selected indigenous vegetables to household income and food availability in Wedza District of Zimbabwe. Acta Sci. Agric., 3(3), 170–188.
Seeiso, M.T., Materecha, C.A. (2014). Biomass yields and crude protein content of two African ILVs in response to kraal manure ap-plication and leaf cutting management. Afr. J. of Agric. Res., 9 (3), 397–406.
Senyolo, G.M., Wale, E., Ortmann, G.F. (2018). Analysing the value chain for African leafy vegetables in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Cog. Soc. Sci., 4, 1–16.
Pichop, G.N., Abukutsa-Onyango, M., Noorani, A., Nono-Womdim, R. (2016). Importance of indigenous food crops in tropical Africa: case study. Acta Hortic., 1128, 315–322.
Rampa, F., Knaepen, H. (2019). Sustainable food systems through diversification and indigenous vegetables: An analysis of the South-ern Nakuru County. Report I. Maastricht, Netherlands: European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM).
Shonshai, V.F. (2016). Analysing South African indigenous knowledge policy and its alignment to government’s attempts to promote indigenous vegetables. PhD Thesis., University of Kwa-Zulu Natal.
Statistics handbook (2018). An overview of statistical methods. Available from: https://unctad.org>tdstat43_en. Accessed: 19 Novem-ber 2018.
Uusiku, N.P., Oelofse, A., Duodu, K.G., Bester, M.J., Faber, M. (2010). Nutritional value of leafy vegetables of Sub-Saharan Africa and their potential contribution to human health: A review. J. Food Compos. Anal., 23, 499–509.
Van der Hoeven, M., Osei, J., Greeff, M., Kruger, A., Faber, M., Smuts, C.M. (2013). Indigenous and traditional plants: South African parents’ knowledge, perceptions and uses and their children’s sensory acceptance. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed., 9(1), 78–89.
Vivas, J., Kim, M., Takagi, C., Kirimi, L. (2022). Adopting African indigenous vegetables: A dynamic panel analysis of smallholders in Kenya. J. Agric. Res. Econ. Retrieved from: https://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.316750
Weinberger, K., Pasquini, M., Kasambula, P., Abukutsa-Onyango, M. (2011). Supply chains for indigenous vegetables in urban and peri-urban areas of Uganda and Kenya: a gendered perspective. In: D. Mithöfer (ed.), Vegetable production and marketing in Afri-ca: Socio-economic research (pp. 169–181). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CABI.
Wemali, E.N.C. (2015). Contribution of cultivated African indigenous vegetables to agrobiodiversity conservation and community livelihood in Mumias Sugar Belt, Kenya. PhD Thesis, Kenyatta University.
Mayekiso, A., Belete, A., & Hlongwane, J. (2023). ANALYSING CONTRIBUTION AND DETERMINANTS OF INDIGENOUS LEAFY VEGETABLES (ILVS) TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 67(1), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2023.01473
Anele Mayekiso
anelemayekiso@ymail.com
University of Limpopo South Africa
University of Limpopo South Africa
Abenet Belete, PROF
UNIVESRITY OF LIMPOPO South Africa
UNIVESRITY OF LIMPOPO South Africa
Jan Hlongwane, PROF
UNIVESRITY OF LIMPOPO South Africa
UNIVESRITY OF LIMPOPO South Africa
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