Financial Exclusion of the Rural Population in Poland
Abstract
The paper attempts to assess the extent of financial exclusion of the rural population in Poland. One of the most basic measures of fi nancial exclusion is percentage of adult residents lacking a bank account. This and other measures verifying the population's use of fundamental banking services and the statistical data on development of banking infrastructure in the territorial context were then employed to conduct an assessment of the extent and causes of fi nancial exclusion with a particular emphasis on the rural areas. The findings show that, like in many other countries, the extent of provision of financial services among the rural population is more limited compared to the urban population. The financial exclusion, has much deeper roots going beyond the geographical factors. The real causes of the fi nancial exclusion lie not only in access to banking services but also in their price, the population's income, as well as being strongly aff ected by information and behaviour.
Keywords
Financial exclusion; Rural population; Rural areas; Banking services; Financial services
References
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Birkin, M., Clarke, G., Douglas, L. (2002). Optimising Spatial Mergers: Commercial and Regulatory Perspectives. Prog. Plann., 58, 229-318.
Błędowski, P., Iwanicz-Drozdowska, M. (2007). Financial Services Provision and Prevention of Financial Exclusion in Poland. National Survey. September, Warsaw.
Bowles, P. (2000). Assessing the Impact of Proposed Bank Mergers on Rural Communities: A Case Study of British Columbia. Soc. Indic. Res., 51, 17-40.
BPS (2013). Wskaźnik ubankowienia Polaków zwalnia. Badanie PBS Loyalty Benchmark 2012, Warszawa. Retrieved from: www/bps.pl.
Burton, D., Knights, D., Leyshon, A., Alferoff , C., Signoretta, P. (2004). Making a Market: the UK Retail Financial Services Industry and the Rise of the Complex Sub-Prime Credit Market. Compet. Change, 8, 3-25.
Carbo, S., Gardener, E., Molyneux, P. (2005). Financial Exclusion. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chakravarty, S. P. (2006). Regional Variation in Banking Services and Social Exclusion. Reg. Stud., 40(4), 415-428.
Christopherson, S., Hovey, R. (1996). "Fast Money": Financial Exclusion in the Mexican Economic Adjustment Model. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28, 1157-1177.
Connolly, C., Hajjaj, K. (2001). Financial Services and Social Exclusion. Financial Services Consumer Policy Centre. Sydney: University of New South Wales.
Corr, C. (2006). Financial Exclusion in Ireland: an Exploratory Study and Policy Review. Dublin: Combat Poverty Agency.
Czapiński, J., Panek, T. (Eds.). (2011). Diagnoza społeczna 2011. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków. Warszawa: Rada Monitoringu Społecznego.
Devlin, J. (2005). A Detailed Study of Financial Exclusion in the UK. J. Consum. Policy, 28, 75-108.
Dymski, G. A., Veitch, J. M. (1996). Financial Transformation and the Metropolis: Booms, Busts, and Banking in Los Angeles. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28, 1233-1260.
European Commission (2008). Financial Services Provision and Prevention of Financial Exclusion. EC Report VC/2006/0183, Brussels.
Fondeville, N., Őzdemir, E., Ward, T. (2010). Financial Exclusion in the EU. New Evidence from the EU-SILC Special Module. Research Note 3, Brussels: European Commission.
Fonteyne, W. (2007). Cooperative Banks in Europe - Policy Issues. IMF Working Paper 159.
Ford, J., Rowlingson, K. (1996). Low-income Households and Credit: Exclusion, Preference, and Inclusion. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28(8), 1345-1360.
French, S., Crewe, L., Leyshon, A., Webb, P., Thrift, N. (2004). Putting Ecommerce in its Place. In: D. Power, A. J. Scott (Eds.), Cultural Industries and the Production of Culture (p. 54-71). London: Routledge.
Fuller, D. (1998). Credit Union Development: Financial Inclusion and Exclusion. Geoforum, 29 (2), 145-157.
Głodek, A. (2007). Zachowania klientów na rynku usług bankowych. Retrieved from: http://www.zbp.pl.
Gloukoviezoff , G. (2006). From Financial Exclusion to Overindebtedness: The Paradox of Diffi culties for People on Low Income? In: L. Anderleoni, M. B. Braga, E.
Carluccio (Eds.), New Frontiers in Banking Services. Emerging Needs and Tailored Products for Untapped Markets (p. 213-245). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Gloukoviezoff , G. (2010). Do French Financial Cooperatives Still Have a Role Regarding Financial Inclusion? Contribution to ICA Research Conference, 3 September, Lyon.
Gloukoviezoff , G. (2011). Understanding and Combating Financial Exclusion and Overindebtedness in Ireland. A European Perspective The Policy Institute At Trinity College Dublin, Working Paper 11, Dublin.
Gostomski, E. (2008). Czy można żyć bez banku? Gaz. Bank. 17.03.
HM Treasury (1999). Access to Financial Services. Rapport de la PAT 14, HM Treasury, London.
Hudson, B., Newman, T., Drakeford, M. (1994). Developing a Credit Union: A Community-Based Response to Poverty. Crit. Soc. Policy., 41, 117-123.
Huysentruyt, M., Lefevere, E., Menon, C. (2010). Bank Location and Financial Liberalization Reforms: Evidence From Microgeographic Data, SERC Discussion Paper 58.
Kata, R. (2007). The Role of Local Financial Institutions in Mitigating Access Barriers to Credits Given to Farmers and Rural Entrepreneurs. In: Ekonomický Rust a Rozwoj Regionu 1 (p. 314-319). Hradec Králové: Univerzita Hradec Králové.
Kata, R. (2010). Korzystanie przez rolników i przedsiębiorców wiejskich z usług bankowych - analiza preferencji i ograniczeń. Zagad. Ekon. Roln., 1(322), 143-162.
Kempson, E., Atkinson, A., Pilley, O. (2004). Policy Level Response to Financial Exclusion in Developed Economies Lessons for Developing Countries. Bristol: The Personal Finance Research Centre University of Bristol.
Kempson, E., Whyley, C. (1999a). Kept Out or Opted Out? Understanding and Combating Financial Exclusion. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Bristol: Policy Press.
Kempson, E., Whyley, C. (1999b). Understanding and Combating Financial Exclusion. Insur. Trends, vol. 21, 18-22.
Koźliński, T. (2013). Zwyczaje płatnicze Polaków. Warszawa: NBP.
Koźliński, T. (2009). Porównanie wyników badań ubankowienia Polaków przeprowadzonych przez NBP w 2006 i 2009 r. Warszawa: NBP.
Lepczyński, B. (2008). Raport: Biznes i ryzyko na rynku bankowości detalicznej w perspektywie 2012 roku. Retrieved Aug 23rd 2008 from: http://www.bankier.pl.
Leyshon, A., French, A., Signoretta, P. (2008). Financial Exclusion and the Geography of Bank and Building Society Branch Closure in Britain. Inst. Brit. Geogr. New Ser., 33(4), 447-465.
Leyshon, A., Thrift, N. (1995). Geographies of Financial Exclusion: Financial Abandonment in Britain and the United States. Trans. Inst. Brit. Geogr. New Ser., 20(3), 312-341.
Leyshon, A., Thrift, N. (1996). Financial Exclusion and the Shifting Boundaries of the Financial System. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28, 1150-1156.
MacDonald, H. I. (1996). The Rise of Mortgage-Backed Securities: Struggles to Reshape Access to Credit in the USA. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28, 1179-1198.
Marron, D. (2007). Lending by Numbers: Credit Scoring and the Constitution of Risk within American Consumer Credit. Econ. Soc., 36 (1), 103-133.
Marshall, J. N. (2004). Financial Institutions in Disadvantaged Areas: A Comparative Analysis of Policies Encouraging Financial Inclusion in Britain and the United States. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 36, 241-261.
McArthur, A., McGregor, A., Stewart, R. (1993). Credit Unions and Low-Income Communities. Urban Stud., 30, 399-416.
Mitton, L. (2008). Financial Inclusion in the UK: Review of Policy and Practice. Kent: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, University of Kent.
Pollard, J. (1995). Industry Change and Labor Segmentation: The Banking Industry in Los Angeles, 1970-1990. Los Angeles: Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of California.
Scott, M., Gkartzios, M. (2010). Evidence of Gentrifi cation in Rural Ireland. European Network of Housing Researchers Annual Conference, Istanbul.
Śmiłowski, E., Idzik, M. (2006). Oczekiwania rolników indywidualnych oraz agrobiznesu wobec banków. Agrokonferencja Banku BGŻ. Warszawa: Pentor RI.
Thomas, I. C., Balloch, S. (1994). Local Authorities and Expansions of Credit Unions. Local Econ., 9, 166-184.
Van Empel, G. (2001). Agricultural and Rural Co-operative Banking: EU. Experiences and Lessons for Emerging Markets. In: Agricultural Finance and Credit Infrastructure in Transition Economies. OECD, Slovenia.
Zajączkowski, S., Żochowski, D. (2007). Obciążenia gospodarstw domowych spłatami długu: rozkłady i stress testy - na podstawie badań budżetów gospodarstw domowych GUS. Mater. Stud. NBP, 221.
Birkin, M., Clarke, G., Douglas, L. (2002). Optimising Spatial Mergers: Commercial and Regulatory Perspectives. Prog. Plann., 58, 229-318.
Błędowski, P., Iwanicz-Drozdowska, M. (2007). Financial Services Provision and Prevention of Financial Exclusion in Poland. National Survey. September, Warsaw.
Bowles, P. (2000). Assessing the Impact of Proposed Bank Mergers on Rural Communities: A Case Study of British Columbia. Soc. Indic. Res., 51, 17-40.
BPS (2013). Wskaźnik ubankowienia Polaków zwalnia. Badanie PBS Loyalty Benchmark 2012, Warszawa. Retrieved from: www/bps.pl.
Burton, D., Knights, D., Leyshon, A., Alferoff , C., Signoretta, P. (2004). Making a Market: the UK Retail Financial Services Industry and the Rise of the Complex Sub-Prime Credit Market. Compet. Change, 8, 3-25.
Carbo, S., Gardener, E., Molyneux, P. (2005). Financial Exclusion. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chakravarty, S. P. (2006). Regional Variation in Banking Services and Social Exclusion. Reg. Stud., 40(4), 415-428.
Christopherson, S., Hovey, R. (1996). "Fast Money": Financial Exclusion in the Mexican Economic Adjustment Model. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28, 1157-1177.
Connolly, C., Hajjaj, K. (2001). Financial Services and Social Exclusion. Financial Services Consumer Policy Centre. Sydney: University of New South Wales.
Corr, C. (2006). Financial Exclusion in Ireland: an Exploratory Study and Policy Review. Dublin: Combat Poverty Agency.
Czapiński, J., Panek, T. (Eds.). (2011). Diagnoza społeczna 2011. Warunki i jakość życia Polaków. Warszawa: Rada Monitoringu Społecznego.
Devlin, J. (2005). A Detailed Study of Financial Exclusion in the UK. J. Consum. Policy, 28, 75-108.
Dymski, G. A., Veitch, J. M. (1996). Financial Transformation and the Metropolis: Booms, Busts, and Banking in Los Angeles. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28, 1233-1260.
European Commission (2008). Financial Services Provision and Prevention of Financial Exclusion. EC Report VC/2006/0183, Brussels.
Fondeville, N., Őzdemir, E., Ward, T. (2010). Financial Exclusion in the EU. New Evidence from the EU-SILC Special Module. Research Note 3, Brussels: European Commission.
Fonteyne, W. (2007). Cooperative Banks in Europe - Policy Issues. IMF Working Paper 159.
Ford, J., Rowlingson, K. (1996). Low-income Households and Credit: Exclusion, Preference, and Inclusion. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28(8), 1345-1360.
French, S., Crewe, L., Leyshon, A., Webb, P., Thrift, N. (2004). Putting Ecommerce in its Place. In: D. Power, A. J. Scott (Eds.), Cultural Industries and the Production of Culture (p. 54-71). London: Routledge.
Fuller, D. (1998). Credit Union Development: Financial Inclusion and Exclusion. Geoforum, 29 (2), 145-157.
Głodek, A. (2007). Zachowania klientów na rynku usług bankowych. Retrieved from: http://www.zbp.pl.
Gloukoviezoff , G. (2006). From Financial Exclusion to Overindebtedness: The Paradox of Diffi culties for People on Low Income? In: L. Anderleoni, M. B. Braga, E.
Carluccio (Eds.), New Frontiers in Banking Services. Emerging Needs and Tailored Products for Untapped Markets (p. 213-245). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Gloukoviezoff , G. (2010). Do French Financial Cooperatives Still Have a Role Regarding Financial Inclusion? Contribution to ICA Research Conference, 3 September, Lyon.
Gloukoviezoff , G. (2011). Understanding and Combating Financial Exclusion and Overindebtedness in Ireland. A European Perspective The Policy Institute At Trinity College Dublin, Working Paper 11, Dublin.
Gostomski, E. (2008). Czy można żyć bez banku? Gaz. Bank. 17.03.
HM Treasury (1999). Access to Financial Services. Rapport de la PAT 14, HM Treasury, London.
Hudson, B., Newman, T., Drakeford, M. (1994). Developing a Credit Union: A Community-Based Response to Poverty. Crit. Soc. Policy., 41, 117-123.
Huysentruyt, M., Lefevere, E., Menon, C. (2010). Bank Location and Financial Liberalization Reforms: Evidence From Microgeographic Data, SERC Discussion Paper 58.
Kata, R. (2007). The Role of Local Financial Institutions in Mitigating Access Barriers to Credits Given to Farmers and Rural Entrepreneurs. In: Ekonomický Rust a Rozwoj Regionu 1 (p. 314-319). Hradec Králové: Univerzita Hradec Králové.
Kata, R. (2010). Korzystanie przez rolników i przedsiębiorców wiejskich z usług bankowych - analiza preferencji i ograniczeń. Zagad. Ekon. Roln., 1(322), 143-162.
Kempson, E., Atkinson, A., Pilley, O. (2004). Policy Level Response to Financial Exclusion in Developed Economies Lessons for Developing Countries. Bristol: The Personal Finance Research Centre University of Bristol.
Kempson, E., Whyley, C. (1999a). Kept Out or Opted Out? Understanding and Combating Financial Exclusion. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Bristol: Policy Press.
Kempson, E., Whyley, C. (1999b). Understanding and Combating Financial Exclusion. Insur. Trends, vol. 21, 18-22.
Koźliński, T. (2013). Zwyczaje płatnicze Polaków. Warszawa: NBP.
Koźliński, T. (2009). Porównanie wyników badań ubankowienia Polaków przeprowadzonych przez NBP w 2006 i 2009 r. Warszawa: NBP.
Lepczyński, B. (2008). Raport: Biznes i ryzyko na rynku bankowości detalicznej w perspektywie 2012 roku. Retrieved Aug 23rd 2008 from: http://www.bankier.pl.
Leyshon, A., French, A., Signoretta, P. (2008). Financial Exclusion and the Geography of Bank and Building Society Branch Closure in Britain. Inst. Brit. Geogr. New Ser., 33(4), 447-465.
Leyshon, A., Thrift, N. (1995). Geographies of Financial Exclusion: Financial Abandonment in Britain and the United States. Trans. Inst. Brit. Geogr. New Ser., 20(3), 312-341.
Leyshon, A., Thrift, N. (1996). Financial Exclusion and the Shifting Boundaries of the Financial System. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28, 1150-1156.
MacDonald, H. I. (1996). The Rise of Mortgage-Backed Securities: Struggles to Reshape Access to Credit in the USA. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 28, 1179-1198.
Marron, D. (2007). Lending by Numbers: Credit Scoring and the Constitution of Risk within American Consumer Credit. Econ. Soc., 36 (1), 103-133.
Marshall, J. N. (2004). Financial Institutions in Disadvantaged Areas: A Comparative Analysis of Policies Encouraging Financial Inclusion in Britain and the United States. Environ. Plann. Ser. A, 36, 241-261.
McArthur, A., McGregor, A., Stewart, R. (1993). Credit Unions and Low-Income Communities. Urban Stud., 30, 399-416.
Mitton, L. (2008). Financial Inclusion in the UK: Review of Policy and Practice. Kent: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, University of Kent.
Pollard, J. (1995). Industry Change and Labor Segmentation: The Banking Industry in Los Angeles, 1970-1990. Los Angeles: Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of California.
Scott, M., Gkartzios, M. (2010). Evidence of Gentrifi cation in Rural Ireland. European Network of Housing Researchers Annual Conference, Istanbul.
Śmiłowski, E., Idzik, M. (2006). Oczekiwania rolników indywidualnych oraz agrobiznesu wobec banków. Agrokonferencja Banku BGŻ. Warszawa: Pentor RI.
Thomas, I. C., Balloch, S. (1994). Local Authorities and Expansions of Credit Unions. Local Econ., 9, 166-184.
Van Empel, G. (2001). Agricultural and Rural Co-operative Banking: EU. Experiences and Lessons for Emerging Markets. In: Agricultural Finance and Credit Infrastructure in Transition Economies. OECD, Slovenia.
Zajączkowski, S., Żochowski, D. (2007). Obciążenia gospodarstw domowych spłatami długu: rozkłady i stress testy - na podstawie badań budżetów gospodarstw domowych GUS. Mater. Stud. NBP, 221.
Kata, R., Walenia, A., & Pyrkosz, D. (2015). Financial Exclusion of the Rural Population in Poland. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 38(4), 705-715. https://doi.org/10.17306/JARD.2015.75
Ryszard Kata
rdkata@univ.rzeszow.pl
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski Poland
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski Poland
Alina Walenia
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski Poland
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski Poland
Damian Pyrkosz
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski Poland
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski Poland
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