SAFEGUARDING SUSTAINABILITY: EXPLORING SAFETY PRACTICE ADHERENCE AMONG URBAN VEGETABLE FARMERS IN GHANA
Abstract
Purpose: This research investigates safety practice compliance among urban vegetable farmers in Ghana's Ashanti Region and its implications for the environment, farmers' health, and consumer safety.
Design/methodology/approach: An empirical approach was adopted, utilizing field survey data from 387 urban vegetable farmers in key vegetable-producing communities. The study employed various data analytical techniques, including frequency distributions, Bonferroni multiple comparisons test, and ordered logistic regression.
Findings: The research emphasizes the need for enhanced awareness and education among farmers to ensure safety practice adherence. It reveals a significant positive relationship between farmers' awareness and compliance, underlining the role of informed decision-making and knowledge dissemination. Additionally, higher gross margin values are associated with increased compliance, indicating the motivating influence of profitability in allocating resources for safety measures. Furthermore, farming experience is positively linked to compliance, emphasizing the importance of practical knowledge and expertise.
Practical implications: Based on the findings, the research offers policy recommendations to promote safety practice compliance. These include enhancing farmer education and awareness programs, improving profitability and market access, fostering knowledge-sharing platforms, addressing affordability concerns, and strengthening enforcement and monitoring. Implementing these measures will enhance compliance, safeguarding the well-being of farmers, consumers, and the environment, thereby ensuring the long-term sustainability and growth of Ghana's urban vegetable sector.
Research limitations/implications: While this study focused specifically on urban vegetable farmers, pesticide usage extends beyond vegetable production in Ghana. Future research should incorporate essential crops like maize, cassava, and rice to provide a more comprehensive assessment of pesticide practices and their implications in the broader agricultural context.
Keywords
compliance levels; safety practices, awareness; gross margin; farming experience; affordability; vegetable farming; Ashanti Region; Ghana
References
Abdelrazek, N.A., El Khafif, M.K. (2022). Toward sustainable agriculture: the case of a sustainable farm in Egypt. Manag. Sustain.: Arab Rev., 1(2), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1108/MSAR-04-2022-0021
Abou Zeid, M.I., Jammoul, A.M., Melki, K.C., Jawdah, Y.A., Kallassy Awad, M. (2017). Suggested policy and legislation reforms to reduce deleterious effect of pesticides in Lebanon. Cell. Com, 6, e05524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05524
Adeyemo, R., Akinola, A.A. (2010). Productivity of cassava, yam, and maize under tropical conditions. Int. J. Veget. Sci., 16, 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260903302651
Adjei, C., Wallace, M., de Souza Monteiro, D.M. (2017). Contract design and enforcement problems in the high value vegetable supply chain in Ghana. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.258626
Afari-Sefa, V., Asare-Bediako, E., Kenyon, L., Micah, J.A., Micah, J.A. (2015). Pesticide use practices and perceptions of vegetable farmers in the cocoa belts of the Ashanti and Western Regions of Ghana. Crop Sci. Technol., 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000174
Ali, J., Yusof, N., Fadzli, F.S. (2018). Factors influencing farmer’s perceptions and behavior toward pesticide use in Malaysia. Int. J. Soc. Econ., 45(5), 775–791. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2016-0304
Allegretti, G., Santos, O., Hasenack, H., Bauaze, I., Hamish, A., Peterson, R., Kataike, J., Modekurti, D., Butali, E., Magumba, D., Wilkus, E., Francesconi, G., Jäger, M., Sjauw-Koen-Fa, A., Blok, V., Omta, O., Mottaleb, K., Rahut, D., Erenstein, O., … Amfo, B. (2017). Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies. Researchgate.Net. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bismark_Amfo/publication/332661394_The_effects_of_income_and_food_safety_perception_on_vegetable_expenditure_in_the_Tamale_Metropolis_Ghana/links/5e7db062299bf1a91b7f1616/The-effects-of-income-and-food-safety-perceptio
Awunyo-Vitor, D., Wongnaa, C.A., Aidoo, R. (2016). Resource use efficiency among maize farmers in Ghana. Agric. Food Sec., 5, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-016-0076-2
Baah Annor, P. (2018). Smallholder farmers’ compliance with GlobalGAP standard: the case of Ghana. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 8(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/EEMCS-03-2017-0043
Babu, S., Alam Ansari, M., Layek, J. (2018). Cereal-legume cropping system in indian himalayan region for food and environmental sustainability. In: Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management (p. 33–76). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0253-4_2
Bannor, R.K., Oppong-Kyeremeh, H., Abele, S., Osei Tutu, F., Chaa Kyire, S.K., Agyina, D. (2020). Seedling production and choice among cashew farmers in Ghana: a profitability analysis. World J. Entrep. Manag. Sustain. Dev., 16(2), 109–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-11-2019-0089
Belpomme, D., Irigaray, P., Sasco, A.J., Newby, J.A., Howard, V., Clapp, R., Hardell, L. (2007). The growing incidence of cancer: Role of lifestyle and screening detection (Review). Int. J. Oncol., 30(5), 1037–1049. https://doi.org/10.3892/IJO.30.5.1037
Beyens, Y., Failler, P., Asiedu, B. (2017). Institutional challenges and constraints for Ghana in exporting fishery products to the Euro-pean Union. Food Rev. Int., 34(3), 265–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2017.1289386
Blodgett, D.M., Feld, M.N. (2021). Teaching an interdisciplinary course in sustainable food systems: science and history meet in “a world that works”. Int. J. Sustain. Higher Educ., 24(9). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-02-2020-0044
Carbajal-Hernández, A.L., Arzate-Cárdenas, M.A., Valerio-García, R.C., Martínez-Jerónimo, F. (2022). Commercial pesticides for urban applications induced population growth and sub-cellular alterations in Raphidocelis subcapitata (Chlorophyceae) at concern-ing environmental concentrations. Ecotoxicology, 31(9), 1462–1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10646-022-02596-6
CBI, M.I.D. (2009). Fresh Fruit and Vegetable : The EU market for pineapple. 2003 (April), 1–14.
Chattopadhyay, P., Banerjee, G., Mukherjee, S. (2017). Recent trends of modern bacterial insecticides for pest control practice in inte-grated crop management system. 3 Biotech, 7, 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13205-017-0717-6
Cicchetti, D.V. (1994). Multiple comparison methods: Establishing guidelines for their valid application in neuropsychological re-search. J. Clinic. Experim. Neuropsychol., 16(1), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639408402625
Ciji, A., Akhtar, M.S. (2021). Stress management in aquaculture: A review of dietary interventions. Rev Aquacult., 13(4), 2190–2247. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12565
Coulibaly, O., Nouhoheflin, T., Aitchedji, C.C., Cherry, A.J., Adegbola, P. (2011). Consumers’ perceptions and willingness to pay for organically grown vegetables. Int. J. Veget. Sci., 17(4), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2011.563276
Damalas, C.A., Eleftherohorinos, I.G. (2011). Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8, 1402–1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8051402
Danso, G., Drechsel, P., Obuobie, E., Forkuor, G., Kranjac-Brisavljevic, G. (2014). Urban vegetable farming sites,crops and cropping practices. In: P. Drechsel, B. Keraita (Eds.), Irrigated urban vegetable production in ghana: Characteristics, benefits and risk mitiga-tion (p. 7). Colombo: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Dapaah Opoku, P., Bannor, R.K., Oppong-Kyeremeh, H. (2020). Examining the willingness to produce organic vegetables in the Bono and Ahafo regions of Ghana. Int. J. Soc. Econ., 47(5), 619–641. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-12-2019-0723
Darko-Koomson, S., Aidoo, R., Abdoulaye, T. (2020). Analysis of cassava value chain in Ghana: implications for upgrading small-holder supply systems. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 10(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-05-2019-0066
Darko, G., Obiri-Yeboah, S., Takyi, S.A., Amponsah, O., Borquaye, L.S., Amponsah, L.O., Fosu-Mensah, B.Y. (2022). Urbanizing with or without nature: pollution effects of human activities on water quality of major rivers that drain the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana. Env. Monitor. Assess., 194(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/S10661-021-09686-8
Darkwah, K.A., Kwawu, J.D., Agyire-Tettey, F., Sarpong, D.B. (2019). Assessment of the determinants that influence the adoption of sustainable soil and water conservation practices in Techiman Municipality of Ghana. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res., 7(3), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISWCR.2019.04.003
de Backer, E., Aertsens, J., Vergucht, S., Steurbaut, W. (2009). Assessing the ecological soundness of organic and conventional agri-culture by means of life cycle assessment (LCA): A case study of leek production. Brit. Food J., 111(10), 1028–1061. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700910992916
DeLay, N.D., Brewer, B., Featherstone, A., Boussios, D. (2022). The impact of crop insurance on farm financial outcomes. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 45(1), 579–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/AEPP.13223
De Roos, A.J., Zahm, S.H., Cantor, K.P., Weisenburger, D.D., Holmes, F.F., Burmeister, L.F. (2003). Integrative assessment of multi-ple pesticides as risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among men. Occup. Env. Med., 60(9), e11. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.9.e11
Denkyirah, E.K., Okoffo, E.D., Adu, D.T., Aziz, A.A., Ofori, A., Denkyirah, E.K. (2016). Modeling Ghanaian cocoa farmers’ decision to use pesticide and frequency of application: the case of Brong Ahafo Region. SpringerPlus, 5, 1113. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40064-016-2779-Z
Denkyirah, E.K., Okoffo, E.D., Adu, D.T., Bosompem, O.A. (2017). What are the drivers of cocoa farmers ’ choice of climate change adaptation strategies in Ghana? Cogent Food Agric., 4(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2017.1334296
Diako, C., Manful, J., Johnson, P.N.T., Sakyi-Dawson, E., Bediako-Amoa, B., Saalia F.K. (2011). Physicochemical characterization of four commercial rice varieties in Ghana. And. J. Food Sci Technol., 3(3), 196–202. Retrieved July 29th 2020 from: https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?
docid=20424876-201106-201601260021-20160
1260021-196-202
Ding, J., Li, B., Zhang, L. (2023). Risk analysis of agricultural input management and its drivers and obstacles: a case study of vegeta-ble production enterprises in Beijing. Brit. Food J., 125(6), 2176–2189. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-11-2021-1235
Dinham, B. (2003). Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: Problems confronting small-scale producers. Pest Manag. Sci., 59(5), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1002/PS.654
Donkor, A., Osei-Fosu, P., Dubey, B., Kingsford-Adaboh, R., Ziwu, C., Asante, I. (2016). Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Ghana: a review. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(19), 18966–18987. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-016-7317-6
Eskelinen, J., Kuosmanen, T. (2013). Intertemporal efficiency analysis of sales teams of a bank: Stochastic semi-nonparametric ap-proach. J. Bank. Fin., 37, 5163–5175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.03.010
Flower, K., Hoppin, J., Lynch, Blair, A., Knott, C., Shore, D.L., Sandler, D.P. (2004). Cancer risk and parental pesticide application in children of Agricultural Health Study participants. Env. Health Persp., 112(5), 631–635. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6586
Fosu-Mensah, B.Y., Okoffo, E.D., Darko, G., Gordon, C. (2016). Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in soils and drinking water sources from cocoa farms in Ghana. SpringerPlus, 5, 869. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40064-016-2352-9
Fosu‐Mensah, B.Y. (2012). Ecology and Development Series No. 87, 2012. Retrieved from: https://www.zef.de/fileadmin/webfiles/downloads/zefc_ecology_development/eds_87_fosu-mensah_text.pdf
Fulano, A., Lengai, G., Sustainability, Muthomi, J.W. (2021). Phytosanitary and technical quality challenges in export fresh vegetables and strategies to compliance with market requirements: case of smallholder snap beans in Kenya. Sustainability, 13(3), 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031546
Ganeshkumar, C., Jena, S.K., Sivakumar, A., Nambirajan, T. (2021). Artificial intelligence in agricultural value chain: review and future directions. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 13(3), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-07-2020-0140
Gautam, Y., Andersen, P. (2016). Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. J. Rural Stud., 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.001
González-Andrade, F., López-Pulles, R., Estévez, E. (2010). Acute pesticide poisoning in Ecuador: A short epidemiological report. J. Public Health, 18(5), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10389-010-0333-Y
Gyawali, K. (2018). Pesticide uses and its effects on public health and environment. J. Health Promot., 6, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v6i0.21801
Haden, K.L., Johnson, L.A. (1989). Factors Which Contribute to the Financial Performance of Selected Tennessee Dairies. South. J. Agric. Econ., 21(01), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0081305200000960
Hasen Ahmed, M., Tazeze, A., Mezgebo, A., Andualem, E. (2018). Measuring maize production efficiency in the eastern Ethiopia: Stochastic frontier approach. Afr. J. Sci. Technol. Innov. Dev., 10(7), 779–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2018.1514757
Ho, T.Q., Hoang, V.N., Wilson, C., Nguyen, T.T. (2018). Eco-efficiency analysis of sustainability-certified coffee production in Vi-etnam. J. Clean. Prod., 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.147
Hochberg, Y. (1988). A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika, 75(4), 800–802. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOMET/75.4.800
Horowitz, J.K., Lichtenberg, E. (1993). Insurance, Moral Hazard, and Chemical Use in Agriculture. Am. J. Agric. Econ., 75(4), 926–935. https://doi.org/10.2307/1243980
Hutchins, A., Tamargo, A., Bailey, C., Kim, Y. (2015). Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Cocoa Production and Approaches to Adaptation and Mitigation: A Contextual View of Ghana and Costa Rica. 22.
Islam, M.S., Ferdousy, S., Afrin, S., Ahsan, M.N., Haider, M.Z., Das, D.K. (2020). How does farmers’ field schooling impact eco-efficiency? Empirical evidence from paddy farmers in Bangladesh. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 12(3), 527–552. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-12-2018-0239
Issahaku, G., Abdulai, A. (2020). Adoption of climate-smart practices and its impact on farm performance and risk exposure among smallholder farmers in Ghana. Austral. J. Agric. Res. Econ., 64(2), 396–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12357
Jaga, K., Dharmani, C. (2003). Sources of exposure to and public health implications of organophosphate pesticides. Rev. Panam. Salud Public., 14(3), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892003000800004
Jain, M., Yadav, P., Joshi, B., Joshi, A., Kodgire, P. (2021). A novel biosensor for the detection of organophosphorus (OP)-based pesti-cides using organophosphorus acid anhydrolase (OPAA)-FL variant. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 105(1), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00253-020-11008-W
Jepson, W.E. (2006). Producing a modern agricultural frontier: Firms and cooperatives in eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. Econ. Geogr., 82, 289–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2006.tb00312.x
Kariathi, V., Kassim, N., Kimanya, M. (2017). Risk of exposures of pesticide residues from tomato in Tanzania. Sci. Technol., 11(8), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2016.1527
Kassie, G.W. (2018). Agroforestry and farm income diversification: synergy or trade-off? The case of Ethiopia. Env. Syst. Res., 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-017-0085-6
Khan, M., Damalas, C.A. (2014). Occupational exposure to pesticides and resultant health problems among cotton farmers of Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Env. Health Res., 25(5), 508–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2014.980781
Kori, R.K., Singh, M.K., Jain, A.K., Yadav, R.S. (2018). Neurochemical and behavioral dysfunctions in pesticide exposed farm work-ers: A clinical outcome. Ind. J. Clinic. Biochem., 33(4), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12291-018-0791-5
Lehberger, M., Becker, C. (2021). Plant protection practices: how do risk perception, subjective and objective knowledge influence the preference of German consumers. Brit. Food J., 123(4), 1465–1477. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-09-2020-0769
Loureiro, M.L. (2009). Farmers’ health and agricultural productivity. Agric. Econ., 40, 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00385.x
Lydecker, M., Drechsel, P. (2010). Urban agriculture and sanitation services in Accra, Ghana: the overlooked contribution. Int. J. Agric. Sustain., 8, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0453
MacCarthy, D.S., Adiku, S.G., Freduah, B.S., Kamara, A.Y., Narh, S., Abdulai, A.L. (2018). Evaluating maize yield variability and gaps in two agroecologies in northern Ghana using a crop simulation model. South Afr. J. Plant Soil, 35(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2017.1354407
Mafuru, J., Kileo, R., Verkujil, H., Mwangi, W., Anandajaysekeram, P., Moshi, A. (1999). Adoption of maize production technologies in the Lake Zone of Tanzania. Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00061-2
Majumder, R., Kaviraj, A. (2019). Acute and sublethal effects of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos on freshwater fish Oreo-chromis niloticus. Drug Chem. Toxic., 42(5), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2018.1425425
Mariyono, J. (2023). Sustainable intensification practices of fish-rice co-culture in Java, Indonesia: technical, socio-economic and en-vironmental features. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-
09-2022-0208
Mariyono, J., Kuntariningsih, A., Kompas, T. (2018). Pesticide use in Indonesian vegetable farming and its determinants. Manag. Env. Qual. Int. J., 29(2), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2016-0088
Mariyono, J., Kuntariningsih, A., Suswati, E., Kompas, T. (2018). Quantity and monetary value of agrochemical pollution from inten-sive farming in Indonesia. Manag. Env. Qual. Int. J., 29(4), 759–779. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2017-0030
Meena, R.S., Kumar, S., Datta, R., Lal, R., Vijayakumar, V., Brtnicky, M., Sharma, M.P., Singh Yadav, G., Kumar Jhariya, M., Kumar Jangir, C., Pathan, S.I., Dokulilova, T., Pecina, V., Danso Marfo, T. (2020). Impact of agrochemicals on soil microbiota and man-agement: A review. Land, 9(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020034
Mensah, A., Asiamah, M., Wongnaa, C. A., Adams, F., Etuah, S., Gaveh, E., Appiah, P. (2021). Adoption impact of maize seed tech-nology on farm profitability: evidence from Ghana. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 11(5), 578–598. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-06-2020-0120
Mishra, A.K., El-Osta, H.S., Johnson, J.D. (1999). Factors contributing to earnings success of cash grain farms. J. Agric. Appl. Econ., 31(03), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800008889
Morgan, L. (1999). Pesticides and groundwater in the State of Washington. Env. Manag. Health, 10(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566169910257095
Mrema, E., Ngowi, A., Mamuya, S.H., Kishinhi, S.S. (2017). Pesticide exposure and health problems among female horticulture work-ers in Tanzania. Env. Health Ins., 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630217715237
Naab, J.B., Mahama, G.Y., Yahaya, I., Prasad, P.V.V. (2017). Conservation agriculture improves soil quality, crop yield, and incomes of smallholder farmers in north western Ghana. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00996
Nathaniel Katinila, Hugo Verkuijl, W. M., & Ponniah Anandajayasekeram, and A. J. M. *. (1998). Adoption of maize production tech-nologies in Northern Tanzania. In Production. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0pGFmAaIaY0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=Maize+production+Tanzania&ots=u7LjQOTwch&sig=Doq8xfksT3X2_x03OKYo-NgdyFw
Ndamani, F., Watanabe, T. (2016). Determinants of farmers’ adaptation to climate change: A micro level analysis in Ghana. Sci. Agric., 73(3), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0163
Nin-Pratt, A., Johnson, M., Magalhaes, E., You, L., Diao, X. (2011). Yield gaps and potential agricultural growth in West and Central Africa. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896291829
Odewale, G.O., Sosan, M.B., Oyekunle, J.A.O., Adeleye, A. O. (2022). Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persis-tent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria. Brit. Food J., 124(5), 1755–1774. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0573
Ofori, B.D., Ayivor, J.S., Pabi, O., Gordon, C. (2015). Agroecological niches as ecosystem-based adaptive option to environmental change in the Forest-Savanna Transition Zone of Ghana. J. Sustain. Dev., 8(9), 281. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n9p281
Okoffo, E.D., Fosu-Mensah, B.Y., Gordon, C. (2016a). Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in cocoa beans from Ghana, a con-cern for public health. Int. J. Food Cont., 3(5). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40550-016-0028-4
Okoffo, E.D., Mensah, M., Fosu-Mensah, B.Y. (2016b). Pesticides exposure and the use of personal protective equipment by cocoa farmers in Ghana. Env. Syst. Res., 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40068-016-0068-Z
Okonya, J.S., Syndikus, K., Kroschel, J. (2013). Farmers’ perception of and coping strategies to climate change: Evidence from Six Agro-Ecological Zones of Uganda. J. Agric. Sci., 5(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n8p252
Onwona Kwakye, M., Mengistie, B., Ofosu-Anim, J., Nuer, A.T.K., Van den Brink, P.J. (2019). Pesticide registration, distribution and use practices in Ghana. Env. Dev. Sustain., 21(6), 2667–2691. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10668-018-0154-7
Ortiz-Ordoñez, E., Uría-Galicia, E., Ruiz-Picos, R.A., Sánchez Duran, A.G., Hernández Trejo, Y., Sedeño-Díaz, J.E., López-López, E. (2011). Effect of yerbimat herbicide on lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, and histological damage in gills and liver of the fresh-water fish Goodea atripinnis. Archiv. Env. Contam. Toxic., 61(3), 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00244-011-9648-0
Osabohien, R. (2022). Soil technology and post-harvest losses in Nigeria. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-08-2022-0181
Pacini, C., Wossink, A., Giesen, G., Vazzana, C., Huirne, R. (2003). Evaluation of sustainability of organic, integrated and conventional farming systems: A farm and field-scale analysis. Agric. Ecosys. Env., 95(1), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00091-9
Park, T.A., Davis, E.E. (2011). Productivity and efficiency impacts of human resources practices in food retailing. Appl. Econ., 43, 4689–4697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.498348
Purkait, S., Ganguly, M., Aktar, M.W., Sengupta, D., Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact assessment of various parameters polluting Ganga water in Kolkata Region: A study for quality evaluation and environmental implication. Env. Monit. Assess., 155(1–4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10661-008-0447-7
Qiu, H., van Wesenbeeck, C.F.A., van Veen, W.C.M. (2021). Greening Chinese agriculture: can China use the EU experience? China Agric. Econ. Rev., 13(1), 63–90. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-10-2019-0186
Rano, S., Singh, M. (2021). Strategy for the inspection of pesticide residues in food and agriculture. Sust. Agric. Rev., 47, 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54712-7_9
Rao, E.J.O., Qaim, M., Rao, E.J.O., Qaim, M. (2011). Supermarkets, Farm Household Income, and Poverty: Insights from Kenya. World Dev., 39(5), 784–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.005
Sanz Sanz, E., Martinetti, D., Napoléone, C. (2018). Operational modelling of peri-urban farmland for public action in Mediterranean context. Land Use Policy, 75, 757–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.003
Schreinemachers, P., Schad, I., Tipraqsa, P., Williams, P.M., Neef, A., Riwthong, S., Sangchan, W., Grovermann, C. (2012). Can pub-lic GAP standards reduce agricultural pesticide use? The case of fruit and vegetable farming in northern Thailand. Agric. Human Val., 29(4), 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10460-012-9378-6
Skevas, T., Stefanou, S.E., Oude Lansink, A. (2014). Pesticide use, environmental spillovers and efficiency: A DEA risk-adjusted effi-ciency approach applied to Dutch arable farming. Eur. J. Operat. Res., 237(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.01.046
Skillings, J.H. (1983). Nonparametric approaches to testing and multiple comparisons in a one-way anova. Communic. Stat. Simul. Comput., 12(4), 373–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918308812325
Skillings, J.H., Mack, G.A. (1981). On the use of a friedman-type statistic in balanced and unbalanced block designs. Technometrics, 23(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1981.10486261
Syed, J.H., Alamdar, A., Mohammad, A., Ahad, K., Shabir, Z., Ahmed, H., Ali, S.M., Sani, S.G.A.S., Bokhari, H., Gallagher, K.D., Ahmad, I., Eqani, S.A.M.A.S. (2014). Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: a review of the occurrence and as-sociated human health risks. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21(23), 13367–13393. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-014-3117-Z
Tarazona, J.V., Court-Marques, D., Tiramani, M., Reich, H., Pfeil, R., Istace, F., Crivellente, F. (2017). Glyphosate toxicity and car-cinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC. Archiv. Toxicol., 91(8), 2723–2743. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00204-017-1962-5
Taylor, S., Todd, P. (1995). Decomposition and crossover effects in the theory of planned behavior: A study of consumer adoption intentions. Int. J. Res. Market., 12(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(94)00019-K
Tessema, Y.M., Asafu-Adjaye, J., Kassie, M., Mallawaarachchi, T. (2016). Do neighbours matter in technology adoption ? The case of conservation tillage in northwest Ethiopia. Afr. J. Agric. Res. Econ., 11(3), 211–225. 10.22004/ag.econ.245940
Wang, J., Chu, M., Deng, Y., Lam, H., Tang, J. (2018). Determinants of pesticide application: an empirical analysis with theory of planned behaviour. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 10(4), 608–625. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-02-2017-0030
Wang, L., Chang, H.L., Sari, A., Sowah, J.K., Cai, X.Y. (2020). Resources or development first: An interesting question for a develop-ing country. Resour. Pol., 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101714
Wilson, C. (2000). Environmental and human costs of commercial agricultural production in South Asia. Int. J. Soc. Econ., 27, 816–846. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290010335244
Wongnaa, C. A. C. A., Awunyo-Vitor, D., Mensah, A., & Adams, F. (2019). Profit efficiency among maize farmers and implications for poverty alleviation and food security in Ghana. Sci. Afr., 6, e00206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00206
Wu, L., Hou, B. (2012). China’s farmer perception of pesticide residues and the impact factors The case of Jiangsu Province. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 4(1), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/17561371211196793
Yayra Fosu-Mensah, B., Dartey Okoffo, E., Mensah, M., Fosu-Mensah, B.Y., Okoffo, E.D. (2022). Assessment of farmers’ knowledge and pesticides management in cocoa production in Ghana. Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci., 9(3), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.03.012
Youm, O., Gilstrap, F.E., Teetes, G.L. (1990). Pesticides in traditional farming systems in West Africa . J. Agric. Entomol., 7(3), 171–181. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267974334_PESTICIDES_IN_TRADITIONAL_FARMING_SYSTEMS_IN_WEST_AFRICA%27
Zhang, T., Xue, B.-D. (2005). Environmental efficiency analysis of China’s vegetable production. Biomed. Env. Sci., 18, 21–30. Re-trieved from: https://www.besjournal.com/fileSWYXYHJKX/journal/article/swyxyhjkx/2005/1/PDF/bes200501005.pdf
Zhang, X., Yu, X. (2021). Short supply chain participation, and agrochemicals’ use intensity and efficiency: evidence from vegetable farms in China. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 13(4), 721–735. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-05-2020-0108
Zhou, L., Zhang, F., Zhou, S., Turvey, C.G. (2020). The peer effect of training on farmers’ pesticides application: a spatial econometric approach. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 12(3), 481–505. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-01-2019-0003
Abou Zeid, M.I., Jammoul, A.M., Melki, K.C., Jawdah, Y.A., Kallassy Awad, M. (2017). Suggested policy and legislation reforms to reduce deleterious effect of pesticides in Lebanon. Cell. Com, 6, e05524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05524
Adeyemo, R., Akinola, A.A. (2010). Productivity of cassava, yam, and maize under tropical conditions. Int. J. Veget. Sci., 16, 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260903302651
Adjei, C., Wallace, M., de Souza Monteiro, D.M. (2017). Contract design and enforcement problems in the high value vegetable supply chain in Ghana. http://dx.doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.258626
Afari-Sefa, V., Asare-Bediako, E., Kenyon, L., Micah, J.A., Micah, J.A. (2015). Pesticide use practices and perceptions of vegetable farmers in the cocoa belts of the Ashanti and Western Regions of Ghana. Crop Sci. Technol., 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000174
Ali, J., Yusof, N., Fadzli, F.S. (2018). Factors influencing farmer’s perceptions and behavior toward pesticide use in Malaysia. Int. J. Soc. Econ., 45(5), 775–791. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-11-2016-0304
Allegretti, G., Santos, O., Hasenack, H., Bauaze, I., Hamish, A., Peterson, R., Kataike, J., Modekurti, D., Butali, E., Magumba, D., Wilkus, E., Francesconi, G., Jäger, M., Sjauw-Koen-Fa, A., Blok, V., Omta, O., Mottaleb, K., Rahut, D., Erenstein, O., … Amfo, B. (2017). Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies. Researchgate.Net. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bismark_Amfo/publication/332661394_The_effects_of_income_and_food_safety_perception_on_vegetable_expenditure_in_the_Tamale_Metropolis_Ghana/links/5e7db062299bf1a91b7f1616/The-effects-of-income-and-food-safety-perceptio
Awunyo-Vitor, D., Wongnaa, C.A., Aidoo, R. (2016). Resource use efficiency among maize farmers in Ghana. Agric. Food Sec., 5, 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-016-0076-2
Baah Annor, P. (2018). Smallholder farmers’ compliance with GlobalGAP standard: the case of Ghana. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 8(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/EEMCS-03-2017-0043
Babu, S., Alam Ansari, M., Layek, J. (2018). Cereal-legume cropping system in indian himalayan region for food and environmental sustainability. In: Legumes for Soil Health and Sustainable Management (p. 33–76). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0253-4_2
Bannor, R.K., Oppong-Kyeremeh, H., Abele, S., Osei Tutu, F., Chaa Kyire, S.K., Agyina, D. (2020). Seedling production and choice among cashew farmers in Ghana: a profitability analysis. World J. Entrep. Manag. Sustain. Dev., 16(2), 109–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJEMSD-11-2019-0089
Belpomme, D., Irigaray, P., Sasco, A.J., Newby, J.A., Howard, V., Clapp, R., Hardell, L. (2007). The growing incidence of cancer: Role of lifestyle and screening detection (Review). Int. J. Oncol., 30(5), 1037–1049. https://doi.org/10.3892/IJO.30.5.1037
Beyens, Y., Failler, P., Asiedu, B. (2017). Institutional challenges and constraints for Ghana in exporting fishery products to the Euro-pean Union. Food Rev. Int., 34(3), 265–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2017.1289386
Blodgett, D.M., Feld, M.N. (2021). Teaching an interdisciplinary course in sustainable food systems: science and history meet in “a world that works”. Int. J. Sustain. Higher Educ., 24(9). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-02-2020-0044
Carbajal-Hernández, A.L., Arzate-Cárdenas, M.A., Valerio-García, R.C., Martínez-Jerónimo, F. (2022). Commercial pesticides for urban applications induced population growth and sub-cellular alterations in Raphidocelis subcapitata (Chlorophyceae) at concern-ing environmental concentrations. Ecotoxicology, 31(9), 1462–1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10646-022-02596-6
CBI, M.I.D. (2009). Fresh Fruit and Vegetable : The EU market for pineapple. 2003 (April), 1–14.
Chattopadhyay, P., Banerjee, G., Mukherjee, S. (2017). Recent trends of modern bacterial insecticides for pest control practice in inte-grated crop management system. 3 Biotech, 7, 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13205-017-0717-6
Cicchetti, D.V. (1994). Multiple comparison methods: Establishing guidelines for their valid application in neuropsychological re-search. J. Clinic. Experim. Neuropsychol., 16(1), 155–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01688639408402625
Ciji, A., Akhtar, M.S. (2021). Stress management in aquaculture: A review of dietary interventions. Rev Aquacult., 13(4), 2190–2247. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12565
Coulibaly, O., Nouhoheflin, T., Aitchedji, C.C., Cherry, A.J., Adegbola, P. (2011). Consumers’ perceptions and willingness to pay for organically grown vegetables. Int. J. Veget. Sci., 17(4), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2011.563276
Damalas, C.A., Eleftherohorinos, I.G. (2011). Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8, 1402–1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8051402
Danso, G., Drechsel, P., Obuobie, E., Forkuor, G., Kranjac-Brisavljevic, G. (2014). Urban vegetable farming sites,crops and cropping practices. In: P. Drechsel, B. Keraita (Eds.), Irrigated urban vegetable production in ghana: Characteristics, benefits and risk mitiga-tion (p. 7). Colombo: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Dapaah Opoku, P., Bannor, R.K., Oppong-Kyeremeh, H. (2020). Examining the willingness to produce organic vegetables in the Bono and Ahafo regions of Ghana. Int. J. Soc. Econ., 47(5), 619–641. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-12-2019-0723
Darko-Koomson, S., Aidoo, R., Abdoulaye, T. (2020). Analysis of cassava value chain in Ghana: implications for upgrading small-holder supply systems. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 10(2), 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-05-2019-0066
Darko, G., Obiri-Yeboah, S., Takyi, S.A., Amponsah, O., Borquaye, L.S., Amponsah, L.O., Fosu-Mensah, B.Y. (2022). Urbanizing with or without nature: pollution effects of human activities on water quality of major rivers that drain the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana. Env. Monitor. Assess., 194(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/S10661-021-09686-8
Darkwah, K.A., Kwawu, J.D., Agyire-Tettey, F., Sarpong, D.B. (2019). Assessment of the determinants that influence the adoption of sustainable soil and water conservation practices in Techiman Municipality of Ghana. Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res., 7(3), 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ISWCR.2019.04.003
de Backer, E., Aertsens, J., Vergucht, S., Steurbaut, W. (2009). Assessing the ecological soundness of organic and conventional agri-culture by means of life cycle assessment (LCA): A case study of leek production. Brit. Food J., 111(10), 1028–1061. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700910992916
DeLay, N.D., Brewer, B., Featherstone, A., Boussios, D. (2022). The impact of crop insurance on farm financial outcomes. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 45(1), 579–601. https://doi.org/10.1002/AEPP.13223
De Roos, A.J., Zahm, S.H., Cantor, K.P., Weisenburger, D.D., Holmes, F.F., Burmeister, L.F. (2003). Integrative assessment of multi-ple pesticides as risk factors for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma among men. Occup. Env. Med., 60(9), e11. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.9.e11
Denkyirah, E.K., Okoffo, E.D., Adu, D.T., Aziz, A.A., Ofori, A., Denkyirah, E.K. (2016). Modeling Ghanaian cocoa farmers’ decision to use pesticide and frequency of application: the case of Brong Ahafo Region. SpringerPlus, 5, 1113. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40064-016-2779-Z
Denkyirah, E.K., Okoffo, E.D., Adu, D.T., Bosompem, O.A. (2017). What are the drivers of cocoa farmers ’ choice of climate change adaptation strategies in Ghana? Cogent Food Agric., 4(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2017.1334296
Diako, C., Manful, J., Johnson, P.N.T., Sakyi-Dawson, E., Bediako-Amoa, B., Saalia F.K. (2011). Physicochemical characterization of four commercial rice varieties in Ghana. And. J. Food Sci Technol., 3(3), 196–202. Retrieved July 29th 2020 from: https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?
docid=20424876-201106-201601260021-20160
1260021-196-202
Ding, J., Li, B., Zhang, L. (2023). Risk analysis of agricultural input management and its drivers and obstacles: a case study of vegeta-ble production enterprises in Beijing. Brit. Food J., 125(6), 2176–2189. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-11-2021-1235
Dinham, B. (2003). Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: Problems confronting small-scale producers. Pest Manag. Sci., 59(5), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.1002/PS.654
Donkor, A., Osei-Fosu, P., Dubey, B., Kingsford-Adaboh, R., Ziwu, C., Asante, I. (2016). Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Ghana: a review. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23(19), 18966–18987. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-016-7317-6
Eskelinen, J., Kuosmanen, T. (2013). Intertemporal efficiency analysis of sales teams of a bank: Stochastic semi-nonparametric ap-proach. J. Bank. Fin., 37, 5163–5175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.03.010
Flower, K., Hoppin, J., Lynch, Blair, A., Knott, C., Shore, D.L., Sandler, D.P. (2004). Cancer risk and parental pesticide application in children of Agricultural Health Study participants. Env. Health Persp., 112(5), 631–635. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6586
Fosu-Mensah, B.Y., Okoffo, E.D., Darko, G., Gordon, C. (2016). Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in soils and drinking water sources from cocoa farms in Ghana. SpringerPlus, 5, 869. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40064-016-2352-9
Fosu‐Mensah, B.Y. (2012). Ecology and Development Series No. 87, 2012. Retrieved from: https://www.zef.de/fileadmin/webfiles/downloads/zefc_ecology_development/eds_87_fosu-mensah_text.pdf
Fulano, A., Lengai, G., Sustainability, Muthomi, J.W. (2021). Phytosanitary and technical quality challenges in export fresh vegetables and strategies to compliance with market requirements: case of smallholder snap beans in Kenya. Sustainability, 13(3), 1546. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031546
Ganeshkumar, C., Jena, S.K., Sivakumar, A., Nambirajan, T. (2021). Artificial intelligence in agricultural value chain: review and future directions. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 13(3), 379–398. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-07-2020-0140
Gautam, Y., Andersen, P. (2016). Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. J. Rural Stud., 44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.001
González-Andrade, F., López-Pulles, R., Estévez, E. (2010). Acute pesticide poisoning in Ecuador: A short epidemiological report. J. Public Health, 18(5), 437–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10389-010-0333-Y
Gyawali, K. (2018). Pesticide uses and its effects on public health and environment. J. Health Promot., 6, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.3126/jhp.v6i0.21801
Haden, K.L., Johnson, L.A. (1989). Factors Which Contribute to the Financial Performance of Selected Tennessee Dairies. South. J. Agric. Econ., 21(01), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0081305200000960
Hasen Ahmed, M., Tazeze, A., Mezgebo, A., Andualem, E. (2018). Measuring maize production efficiency in the eastern Ethiopia: Stochastic frontier approach. Afr. J. Sci. Technol. Innov. Dev., 10(7), 779–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2018.1514757
Ho, T.Q., Hoang, V.N., Wilson, C., Nguyen, T.T. (2018). Eco-efficiency analysis of sustainability-certified coffee production in Vi-etnam. J. Clean. Prod., 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.147
Hochberg, Y. (1988). A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika, 75(4), 800–802. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOMET/75.4.800
Horowitz, J.K., Lichtenberg, E. (1993). Insurance, Moral Hazard, and Chemical Use in Agriculture. Am. J. Agric. Econ., 75(4), 926–935. https://doi.org/10.2307/1243980
Hutchins, A., Tamargo, A., Bailey, C., Kim, Y. (2015). Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Cocoa Production and Approaches to Adaptation and Mitigation: A Contextual View of Ghana and Costa Rica. 22.
Islam, M.S., Ferdousy, S., Afrin, S., Ahsan, M.N., Haider, M.Z., Das, D.K. (2020). How does farmers’ field schooling impact eco-efficiency? Empirical evidence from paddy farmers in Bangladesh. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 12(3), 527–552. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-12-2018-0239
Issahaku, G., Abdulai, A. (2020). Adoption of climate-smart practices and its impact on farm performance and risk exposure among smallholder farmers in Ghana. Austral. J. Agric. Res. Econ., 64(2), 396–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12357
Jaga, K., Dharmani, C. (2003). Sources of exposure to and public health implications of organophosphate pesticides. Rev. Panam. Salud Public., 14(3), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892003000800004
Jain, M., Yadav, P., Joshi, B., Joshi, A., Kodgire, P. (2021). A novel biosensor for the detection of organophosphorus (OP)-based pesti-cides using organophosphorus acid anhydrolase (OPAA)-FL variant. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 105(1), 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00253-020-11008-W
Jepson, W.E. (2006). Producing a modern agricultural frontier: Firms and cooperatives in eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. Econ. Geogr., 82, 289–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2006.tb00312.x
Kariathi, V., Kassim, N., Kimanya, M. (2017). Risk of exposures of pesticide residues from tomato in Tanzania. Sci. Technol., 11(8), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2016.1527
Kassie, G.W. (2018). Agroforestry and farm income diversification: synergy or trade-off? The case of Ethiopia. Env. Syst. Res., 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-017-0085-6
Khan, M., Damalas, C.A. (2014). Occupational exposure to pesticides and resultant health problems among cotton farmers of Punjab, Pakistan. Int. J. Env. Health Res., 25(5), 508–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2014.980781
Kori, R.K., Singh, M.K., Jain, A.K., Yadav, R.S. (2018). Neurochemical and behavioral dysfunctions in pesticide exposed farm work-ers: A clinical outcome. Ind. J. Clinic. Biochem., 33(4), 372–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12291-018-0791-5
Lehberger, M., Becker, C. (2021). Plant protection practices: how do risk perception, subjective and objective knowledge influence the preference of German consumers. Brit. Food J., 123(4), 1465–1477. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-09-2020-0769
Loureiro, M.L. (2009). Farmers’ health and agricultural productivity. Agric. Econ., 40, 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2009.00385.x
Lydecker, M., Drechsel, P. (2010). Urban agriculture and sanitation services in Accra, Ghana: the overlooked contribution. Int. J. Agric. Sustain., 8, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0453
MacCarthy, D.S., Adiku, S.G., Freduah, B.S., Kamara, A.Y., Narh, S., Abdulai, A.L. (2018). Evaluating maize yield variability and gaps in two agroecologies in northern Ghana using a crop simulation model. South Afr. J. Plant Soil, 35(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/02571862.2017.1354407
Mafuru, J., Kileo, R., Verkujil, H., Mwangi, W., Anandajaysekeram, P., Moshi, A. (1999). Adoption of maize production technologies in the Lake Zone of Tanzania. Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00061-2
Majumder, R., Kaviraj, A. (2019). Acute and sublethal effects of organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos on freshwater fish Oreo-chromis niloticus. Drug Chem. Toxic., 42(5), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2018.1425425
Mariyono, J. (2023). Sustainable intensification practices of fish-rice co-culture in Java, Indonesia: technical, socio-economic and en-vironmental features. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-
09-2022-0208
Mariyono, J., Kuntariningsih, A., Kompas, T. (2018). Pesticide use in Indonesian vegetable farming and its determinants. Manag. Env. Qual. Int. J., 29(2), 305–323. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-12-2016-0088
Mariyono, J., Kuntariningsih, A., Suswati, E., Kompas, T. (2018). Quantity and monetary value of agrochemical pollution from inten-sive farming in Indonesia. Manag. Env. Qual. Int. J., 29(4), 759–779. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-03-2017-0030
Meena, R.S., Kumar, S., Datta, R., Lal, R., Vijayakumar, V., Brtnicky, M., Sharma, M.P., Singh Yadav, G., Kumar Jhariya, M., Kumar Jangir, C., Pathan, S.I., Dokulilova, T., Pecina, V., Danso Marfo, T. (2020). Impact of agrochemicals on soil microbiota and man-agement: A review. Land, 9(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020034
Mensah, A., Asiamah, M., Wongnaa, C. A., Adams, F., Etuah, S., Gaveh, E., Appiah, P. (2021). Adoption impact of maize seed tech-nology on farm profitability: evidence from Ghana. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 11(5), 578–598. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-06-2020-0120
Mishra, A.K., El-Osta, H.S., Johnson, J.D. (1999). Factors contributing to earnings success of cash grain farms. J. Agric. Appl. Econ., 31(03), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1074070800008889
Morgan, L. (1999). Pesticides and groundwater in the State of Washington. Env. Manag. Health, 10(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566169910257095
Mrema, E., Ngowi, A., Mamuya, S.H., Kishinhi, S.S. (2017). Pesticide exposure and health problems among female horticulture work-ers in Tanzania. Env. Health Ins., 11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630217715237
Naab, J.B., Mahama, G.Y., Yahaya, I., Prasad, P.V.V. (2017). Conservation agriculture improves soil quality, crop yield, and incomes of smallholder farmers in north western Ghana. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00996
Nathaniel Katinila, Hugo Verkuijl, W. M., & Ponniah Anandajayasekeram, and A. J. M. *. (1998). Adoption of maize production tech-nologies in Northern Tanzania. In Production. http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0pGFmAaIaY0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR6&dq=Maize+production+Tanzania&ots=u7LjQOTwch&sig=Doq8xfksT3X2_x03OKYo-NgdyFw
Ndamani, F., Watanabe, T. (2016). Determinants of farmers’ adaptation to climate change: A micro level analysis in Ghana. Sci. Agric., 73(3), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0163
Nin-Pratt, A., Johnson, M., Magalhaes, E., You, L., Diao, X. (2011). Yield gaps and potential agricultural growth in West and Central Africa. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896291829
Odewale, G.O., Sosan, M.B., Oyekunle, J.A.O., Adeleye, A. O. (2022). Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persis-tent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria. Brit. Food J., 124(5), 1755–1774. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0573
Ofori, B.D., Ayivor, J.S., Pabi, O., Gordon, C. (2015). Agroecological niches as ecosystem-based adaptive option to environmental change in the Forest-Savanna Transition Zone of Ghana. J. Sustain. Dev., 8(9), 281. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n9p281
Okoffo, E.D., Fosu-Mensah, B.Y., Gordon, C. (2016a). Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in cocoa beans from Ghana, a con-cern for public health. Int. J. Food Cont., 3(5). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40550-016-0028-4
Okoffo, E.D., Mensah, M., Fosu-Mensah, B.Y. (2016b). Pesticides exposure and the use of personal protective equipment by cocoa farmers in Ghana. Env. Syst. Res., 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S40068-016-0068-Z
Okonya, J.S., Syndikus, K., Kroschel, J. (2013). Farmers’ perception of and coping strategies to climate change: Evidence from Six Agro-Ecological Zones of Uganda. J. Agric. Sci., 5(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n8p252
Onwona Kwakye, M., Mengistie, B., Ofosu-Anim, J., Nuer, A.T.K., Van den Brink, P.J. (2019). Pesticide registration, distribution and use practices in Ghana. Env. Dev. Sustain., 21(6), 2667–2691. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10668-018-0154-7
Ortiz-Ordoñez, E., Uría-Galicia, E., Ruiz-Picos, R.A., Sánchez Duran, A.G., Hernández Trejo, Y., Sedeño-Díaz, J.E., López-López, E. (2011). Effect of yerbimat herbicide on lipid peroxidation, catalase activity, and histological damage in gills and liver of the fresh-water fish Goodea atripinnis. Archiv. Env. Contam. Toxic., 61(3), 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00244-011-9648-0
Osabohien, R. (2022). Soil technology and post-harvest losses in Nigeria. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-08-2022-0181
Pacini, C., Wossink, A., Giesen, G., Vazzana, C., Huirne, R. (2003). Evaluation of sustainability of organic, integrated and conventional farming systems: A farm and field-scale analysis. Agric. Ecosys. Env., 95(1), 273–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00091-9
Park, T.A., Davis, E.E. (2011). Productivity and efficiency impacts of human resources practices in food retailing. Appl. Econ., 43, 4689–4697. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2010.498348
Purkait, S., Ganguly, M., Aktar, M.W., Sengupta, D., Chowdhury, A. (2009). Impact assessment of various parameters polluting Ganga water in Kolkata Region: A study for quality evaluation and environmental implication. Env. Monit. Assess., 155(1–4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10661-008-0447-7
Qiu, H., van Wesenbeeck, C.F.A., van Veen, W.C.M. (2021). Greening Chinese agriculture: can China use the EU experience? China Agric. Econ. Rev., 13(1), 63–90. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-10-2019-0186
Rano, S., Singh, M. (2021). Strategy for the inspection of pesticide residues in food and agriculture. Sust. Agric. Rev., 47, 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54712-7_9
Rao, E.J.O., Qaim, M., Rao, E.J.O., Qaim, M. (2011). Supermarkets, Farm Household Income, and Poverty: Insights from Kenya. World Dev., 39(5), 784–796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.09.005
Sanz Sanz, E., Martinetti, D., Napoléone, C. (2018). Operational modelling of peri-urban farmland for public action in Mediterranean context. Land Use Policy, 75, 757–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.04.003
Schreinemachers, P., Schad, I., Tipraqsa, P., Williams, P.M., Neef, A., Riwthong, S., Sangchan, W., Grovermann, C. (2012). Can pub-lic GAP standards reduce agricultural pesticide use? The case of fruit and vegetable farming in northern Thailand. Agric. Human Val., 29(4), 519–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10460-012-9378-6
Skevas, T., Stefanou, S.E., Oude Lansink, A. (2014). Pesticide use, environmental spillovers and efficiency: A DEA risk-adjusted effi-ciency approach applied to Dutch arable farming. Eur. J. Operat. Res., 237(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.01.046
Skillings, J.H. (1983). Nonparametric approaches to testing and multiple comparisons in a one-way anova. Communic. Stat. Simul. Comput., 12(4), 373–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610918308812325
Skillings, J.H., Mack, G.A. (1981). On the use of a friedman-type statistic in balanced and unbalanced block designs. Technometrics, 23(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1981.10486261
Syed, J.H., Alamdar, A., Mohammad, A., Ahad, K., Shabir, Z., Ahmed, H., Ali, S.M., Sani, S.G.A.S., Bokhari, H., Gallagher, K.D., Ahmad, I., Eqani, S.A.M.A.S. (2014). Pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Pakistan: a review of the occurrence and as-sociated human health risks. Env. Sci. Pollut. Res., 21(23), 13367–13393. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-014-3117-Z
Tarazona, J.V., Court-Marques, D., Tiramani, M., Reich, H., Pfeil, R., Istace, F., Crivellente, F. (2017). Glyphosate toxicity and car-cinogenicity: a review of the scientific basis of the European Union assessment and its differences with IARC. Archiv. Toxicol., 91(8), 2723–2743. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00204-017-1962-5
Taylor, S., Todd, P. (1995). Decomposition and crossover effects in the theory of planned behavior: A study of consumer adoption intentions. Int. J. Res. Market., 12(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(94)00019-K
Tessema, Y.M., Asafu-Adjaye, J., Kassie, M., Mallawaarachchi, T. (2016). Do neighbours matter in technology adoption ? The case of conservation tillage in northwest Ethiopia. Afr. J. Agric. Res. Econ., 11(3), 211–225. 10.22004/ag.econ.245940
Wang, J., Chu, M., Deng, Y., Lam, H., Tang, J. (2018). Determinants of pesticide application: an empirical analysis with theory of planned behaviour. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 10(4), 608–625. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-02-2017-0030
Wang, L., Chang, H.L., Sari, A., Sowah, J.K., Cai, X.Y. (2020). Resources or development first: An interesting question for a develop-ing country. Resour. Pol., 68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101714
Wilson, C. (2000). Environmental and human costs of commercial agricultural production in South Asia. Int. J. Soc. Econ., 27, 816–846. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290010335244
Wongnaa, C. A. C. A., Awunyo-Vitor, D., Mensah, A., & Adams, F. (2019). Profit efficiency among maize farmers and implications for poverty alleviation and food security in Ghana. Sci. Afr., 6, e00206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00206
Wu, L., Hou, B. (2012). China’s farmer perception of pesticide residues and the impact factors The case of Jiangsu Province. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 4(1), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/17561371211196793
Yayra Fosu-Mensah, B., Dartey Okoffo, E., Mensah, M., Fosu-Mensah, B.Y., Okoffo, E.D. (2022). Assessment of farmers’ knowledge and pesticides management in cocoa production in Ghana. Int. J. Adv. Appl. Sci., 9(3), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2022.03.012
Youm, O., Gilstrap, F.E., Teetes, G.L. (1990). Pesticides in traditional farming systems in West Africa . J. Agric. Entomol., 7(3), 171–181. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267974334_PESTICIDES_IN_TRADITIONAL_FARMING_SYSTEMS_IN_WEST_AFRICA%27
Zhang, T., Xue, B.-D. (2005). Environmental efficiency analysis of China’s vegetable production. Biomed. Env. Sci., 18, 21–30. Re-trieved from: https://www.besjournal.com/fileSWYXYHJKX/journal/article/swyxyhjkx/2005/1/PDF/bes200501005.pdf
Zhang, X., Yu, X. (2021). Short supply chain participation, and agrochemicals’ use intensity and efficiency: evidence from vegetable farms in China. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 13(4), 721–735. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-05-2020-0108
Zhou, L., Zhang, F., Zhou, S., Turvey, C.G. (2020). The peer effect of training on farmers’ pesticides application: a spatial econometric approach. China Agric. Econ. Rev., 12(3), 481–505. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-01-2019-0003
Mensah, A., Adams, F., Nimoh, F., Frimpong, F., Onumah, E., & Nartekie, N. (2024). SAFEGUARDING SUSTAINABILITY: EXPLORING SAFETY PRACTICE ADHERENCE AMONG URBAN VEGETABLE FARMERS IN GHANA. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 71(1), 13-34. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2024.01778
Amos Mensah
mensahamos@yahoo.co.uk
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-7634
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5912-7634
Faizal Adams
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
Fred Nimoh
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
Foster Frimpong
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
Edward Ebo Onumah
University of Ghana Ghana
University of Ghana Ghana
Nartey Bernice Nartekie
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Ghana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This journal permits and encourages authors to post items submitted to the journal on personal websites or institutional repositories both prior to and after publication, while providing bibliographic details that credit, if applicable, its publication in this journal.
Most read articles by the same author(s)
- Fred Nimoh, Enoch Kwame Tham-Agyekum, Alexander Annor Frimpong, Lenouse Mensah, CONSUMERS’ PERCEPTION AND CHOICE OF SHOPPING PLACE FOR LOCALLY PRODUCED TOMATOES IN THE ASHANTI REGION, GHANA , Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development: Vol 70 No 4 (2023)
