DETERMINING THE DRIVERS AND DETERRENTS OF CLIMATE-SMART CROP ADOPTION: THE CASE OF CASSAVA IN MPUMALANGA PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA
Abstract
Climate change and its perilous effect on the food security of Sub-Saharan African countries has resulted in a call for more investment in what has become known as climate-smart crops, such as cassava, which promote sustainable agricultural production. This study investigated the factors that could deter and drive the adoption of cassava among smallholder farmers in Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. Using data collected from a sample of 120 smallholder farmers, this study ran a binary regression model probing farmers’ willingness to participate in the commercial production of cassava. The study’s findings concur with past research and reiterate that farmers’ knowledge of technical factors are key determinants of the growth in cassava production and commercialization. The study recommends that efforts be made to develop programs that empower farmers with production knowledge and skills to advance the development of the cassava industry. It contributes to literature by highlighting the role of cultural norms (unwritten rules in society) on crop commercialization and how, in this case, they could provide a unique opportunity that can be used to advance women’s participation in agriculture.
Keywords
sustainable agriculture; climate change adaptation; culture and African agriculture; commercialization; agricultural extension; farmers’ perceptions
References
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Cromme, N. (2017). Adding value through the mechanization of post-harvest cassava processing, and its impact on household pov-erty in north-eastern Zambia. Appl. Econ. Lett., 24(9), 579–583, 10.1080/13504851.2016.1213356
Abass, A., Mlingi, N., Ranaivoson, R., Zulu, M., Mukuka, I.,
Abele, S., Bachwenkizi, B., Cromme, N. (2013). Potential for commercial production and marketing of cassava: experiences from the small-scale cassava processing project in East and Southern Africa. Retrieved Jun 12th 2023 from: https://biblio1.iita.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12478/1789/U13BkAbassPotentialothomDev.pdf?sequence=1
Akinola, R., Pereira, L.M., Mabhaudhi, T., de Bruin, F., Rusch, L.
(2020). A review of indigenous food crops in Africa and the implications for more sustainable and healthy food systems. Sustaina-bility, 12 (3493). 10.3390/su12083493
Amelework, A.B., Bairu, M.W., Maema, O., Venter, S.L., Laing, M. (2021). Adoption and promotion of resilient crops for climate risk mitigation and import substitution: A case analysis of cassava for South African agriculture. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 5(617783). 10.3389/fsufs.2021.617783
Amelework, A.B., Bairu, M.W., Marx, R., Owoeye, L., Laing, M.,
Venter, S.L. (2022). On-farm multi-environment evaluation of selected cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars in South Afri-ca. Plants, 11, 3339. doi.org/10.3390/plants11233339
Chipfupa, U., Wale, E. (2018). Farmer typology formulation accounting for psychological capital: implications for on-farm entrepre-neurial development. Dev Pract., 28(5), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2018.1467377
Cock, J.H. (1985). Cassava. New potential for a neglected crop. London: International Agricultural Development Service and Centro de Internacional Agricultura Tropical.
DAFF (Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries) (2010). Cassava production guideline. The Directorate of Plant Production. retrieved Oct 2022 from: https://www.nda.agric.za/docs/Brochures/ProdGuideCassava.pdf
Dankor, E., Onakuse, S., Bogue, J. (2022). Income inequality and distribution patterns in the cassava value chain in Oyo State, Nigeria, a gender perspective. Brit. Food J., 124(13), 254–273. 10.1108/BFJ-06-2021-0663
Egbetokun, O.A., Omonona, B.T. (2012). Determinants of farmers’ participation in food market in Ogun State. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res. Agric. Vet. Sci. (12), 9.
Fanadzo, M., Chiduza, C., Mnkeni, P. (2010). Overview of smallholder irrigation schemes in South Africa: Relationship between farmer crop management practices and performance. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 5(25), 3514–3523.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation) (2018). Food Outlook, Biannual report on global food markets. Rome: FAO Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www.globalagriculture.org/fileadmin/files/weltagrarbericht/Weltagrarbericht/02Hunger/2018FAOOutlookNov.pdf
Haggblade, S., Djurfeldt, A.A., Nyirenda, D.B., Lodin, J.B., Brimer, L., Chiona, M., Chiwona-Karltun, L. (2012). Cassava commer-cialization in South-eastern Africa. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 2(1), 4–40. 10.1108/2044
0831211219219
Hlatshwayo, S.I., Ngidi, M.S.C., Ojo, T.O., Modi, A.T., Mabhaudhi, T., Slotow, R. (2023). The determinants of crop productivity and its effect on food and nutrition security in rural communities of South Africa. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 7:1091333. 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1091333
Isitor, S.U., Adeyonu, A.G., Aniegboka, U.N. (2017). An analysis of technical efficiency of smallholder cassava farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Appl. Trop. Agric., 22(2), 10–15.
Kemausuor, F., Addo, A., Darkwah, L. (2015). Technical and socioeconomic potential of biogas from cassava waste in Ghana. Bio-technol. Res. Int., 828576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/828576
Khatri-Chhetri, A., Aggarwal, P.K., Joshi, P.K., Vyas, S. (2017). Farmers’ prioritization of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technolo-gies. Agric. Syst., 151, 184–191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.10.005
Krejcie, R.V., Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educ. Psychol. Meas, 30(3), 607–610.
Manganyi, B., Lubinga, M.H., Zondo, B., Tempia, N. (2023). Factors Influencing Cassava Sales and Income Generation among Cassa-va Producers in South Africa. Sustainability, 15, 14366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914366
Masamha, B., Thebe, V., Uzokwe, V.N.E. (2018). Mapping cassava food value chains in Tanzania’s smallholder farming sector: The implications of intra-household gender dynamics. J. Rural Stud., 58, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.011
McNally, A., Verdin, K., Harrison, L., Getirana, A., Jacob, J., Shukla, S., Arsenault, K., Peters-Lidard, C., Verdin, J.P. (2019). Acute water-scarcity monitoring for Africa. Water., 11(1968). http://dx.doi:10.3390/w11101968
Mobio, A.J., Fokou, G., Aka, S., Kouassi, K.B., Kreppel, K.S., Kouakou, K.P., Amanzou, N.A.A., Dao, D., Bonfoh, B. (2021). Explor-ing beyond the conjunctural rhetoric: sociocultural drivers for the “cassava crisis” in Côte d’Ivoire. Agric. Food Econ., 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-020-00174-0
Mudombi, C.R. (2010). An ex-ante economic evaluation of genetically modified cassava in South Africa. [Dissertation]. Pretoria: The University of Pretoria.
Mutyaba, C., Lubinga, M.H., Ogwal, R.O., Tumwesigye, S. (2016). The role of institutions as actors influencing Uganda’s cassava sector. J. Agric. Rural Dev. Trop. Subtrop., 1(117), 113–123.
Nassar, N., Ortiz, R. (2010). Breeding cassava to feed the poor. Food Sci., 302, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0510-78
Ngenoh, G.C., Kariuki, I.M., Gathungu, E.W., Kiprop, S.K. (2020). Factors influencing the choice of marketing strategies among cas-sava microenterprises in Kenya. Afr. Crop Sci. J., 28(1), 117–129. doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.9S
Ngobeni, L., Nkosi, Z. (2023). Cassava: an untapped resource in South Africa. Retrieved Oct 2nd 2023 from: https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/crops/field-crops/cassava-an-untapped-resource-in-south-africa/
Nweke, F.I., Spencer, D.S.C., Lynam, J.K. (2002). The cassava transformation: Africa’s best-kept secret. East Lansing Michigan: Michigan State University (p. 273–274).
OECD/FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020-2029. Rome/Paris: FAO/OECD Publishing; 2020. http://doi.org/10.1787/1112c23b-en
Ogola, J.B.O., Mathews, C., Magongwa, S.M. (2013). The productivity of cassava-legume intercropping system in a dry environment in Nelspruit, South Africa. Afr. Crop Sci. Conf. Proc., 11, 61–65.
Ogunniyi, L.T. (2011). Household consumption of cassava products in Oyo State. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res., 11(6), 39–43.
Ogunyinka, O., Oguntuase, A. (2020). Analysis of cassava production and processing by various groups in support of cassava value chain in southwest of Nigeria. J. Sci. Food Agric., 9(1), 11–19. 10.5897/ISABB-JFAS2020.0113
Okudoh, V.I., Workneh, C.T., Schmidt, S. (2014). The potential of cassava biomass and applicable technologies for sustainable biogas production in South Africa: A review. Renew., 39, 1035–1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.142
Olasanmi, B. (2015). High-resolution linkage map and chromosome-scale genome assembly for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) from 10 populations. G3: Genes Genom. Genet., 5, 133–144.
Opondo, F., Owuor, G. (2018). The effect of cassava commercialization on household income of smallholder farmers in arid and semi-arid land (Asal). A case of Kilifi County, Kenya. The 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists; July 28 – August 2 2018; Vancouver, Canada.
Osikabor, B., Oladele, I.O., Ogunlade, A.I. (2011). Worth assessment of information and their access points by small sale cassava farm-ers in Nigeria. S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext., 39(2), 69–78.
Owusu, V., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Donkor, E. (2017). Consumer perceptions and willingness to pay for cassava-wheat composite bread in Ghana: A hedonic pricing approach. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., (7)2, 115–134. Retrieved from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JADEE-11-2014-0044/full/html
Raufu, M.O., Adesina, B.A., Abdulazeez, A.A., Marizu, J.T. (2018). Cassava production and options of sales outlets in Oyo State. Int. J. Res. Stud., 5(4), 175–181.
Sewando, P.T., Mdoe, N.Y.S., Mutabazi, K.D.S. (2011). Farmers’ preferential choice decisions to alternative cassava value chain strands in Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania. Agric. J., 6(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aj.2011.313.321
Tadesse, A., Gutema, T. (2021). Evaluation and popularization of processing, post-harvest handling and utilization of cassava food products in South Omo Zone. Int. J. Epidemiol. Publ. Health Res., 1(1). http://doi.org/03.2021/1.1007
Tirra, A.N., Oluoch-Kosura, W., Nyanganga, H., Mwang’ombe, A.W. (2019). Determinants of participation decision in cassava mar-keting by smallholder farmers in Taita-Taveta and Kilifi Counties, Kenya. J. Agric. Sci., 11(17), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n17p98
Wang, W., Xie, L., Chen, J., Luo, G., Zhou, Q. (2011). Biohydrogen and methane production by co-digestion of cassava stillage and excess sludge under thermophilic conditions. Bioresour. Technol., 102, 3833–3839.
Cromme, N. (2017). Adding value through the mechanization of post-harvest cassava processing, and its impact on household pov-erty in north-eastern Zambia. Appl. Econ. Lett., 24(9), 579–583, 10.1080/13504851.2016.1213356
Abass, A., Mlingi, N., Ranaivoson, R., Zulu, M., Mukuka, I.,
Abele, S., Bachwenkizi, B., Cromme, N. (2013). Potential for commercial production and marketing of cassava: experiences from the small-scale cassava processing project in East and Southern Africa. Retrieved Jun 12th 2023 from: https://biblio1.iita.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12478/1789/U13BkAbassPotentialothomDev.pdf?sequence=1
Akinola, R., Pereira, L.M., Mabhaudhi, T., de Bruin, F., Rusch, L.
(2020). A review of indigenous food crops in Africa and the implications for more sustainable and healthy food systems. Sustaina-bility, 12 (3493). 10.3390/su12083493
Amelework, A.B., Bairu, M.W., Maema, O., Venter, S.L., Laing, M. (2021). Adoption and promotion of resilient crops for climate risk mitigation and import substitution: A case analysis of cassava for South African agriculture. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 5(617783). 10.3389/fsufs.2021.617783
Amelework, A.B., Bairu, M.W., Marx, R., Owoeye, L., Laing, M.,
Venter, S.L. (2022). On-farm multi-environment evaluation of selected cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) cultivars in South Afri-ca. Plants, 11, 3339. doi.org/10.3390/plants11233339
Chipfupa, U., Wale, E. (2018). Farmer typology formulation accounting for psychological capital: implications for on-farm entrepre-neurial development. Dev Pract., 28(5), 600–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2018.1467377
Cock, J.H. (1985). Cassava. New potential for a neglected crop. London: International Agricultural Development Service and Centro de Internacional Agricultura Tropical.
DAFF (Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries) (2010). Cassava production guideline. The Directorate of Plant Production. retrieved Oct 2022 from: https://www.nda.agric.za/docs/Brochures/ProdGuideCassava.pdf
Dankor, E., Onakuse, S., Bogue, J. (2022). Income inequality and distribution patterns in the cassava value chain in Oyo State, Nigeria, a gender perspective. Brit. Food J., 124(13), 254–273. 10.1108/BFJ-06-2021-0663
Egbetokun, O.A., Omonona, B.T. (2012). Determinants of farmers’ participation in food market in Ogun State. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res. Agric. Vet. Sci. (12), 9.
Fanadzo, M., Chiduza, C., Mnkeni, P. (2010). Overview of smallholder irrigation schemes in South Africa: Relationship between farmer crop management practices and performance. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 5(25), 3514–3523.
FAO (Food and Agricultural Organisation) (2018). Food Outlook, Biannual report on global food markets. Rome: FAO Publishing. Retrieved from: https://www.globalagriculture.org/fileadmin/files/weltagrarbericht/Weltagrarbericht/02Hunger/2018FAOOutlookNov.pdf
Haggblade, S., Djurfeldt, A.A., Nyirenda, D.B., Lodin, J.B., Brimer, L., Chiona, M., Chiwona-Karltun, L. (2012). Cassava commer-cialization in South-eastern Africa. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., 2(1), 4–40. 10.1108/2044
0831211219219
Hlatshwayo, S.I., Ngidi, M.S.C., Ojo, T.O., Modi, A.T., Mabhaudhi, T., Slotow, R. (2023). The determinants of crop productivity and its effect on food and nutrition security in rural communities of South Africa. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 7:1091333. 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1091333
Isitor, S.U., Adeyonu, A.G., Aniegboka, U.N. (2017). An analysis of technical efficiency of smallholder cassava farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Appl. Trop. Agric., 22(2), 10–15.
Kemausuor, F., Addo, A., Darkwah, L. (2015). Technical and socioeconomic potential of biogas from cassava waste in Ghana. Bio-technol. Res. Int., 828576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/828576
Khatri-Chhetri, A., Aggarwal, P.K., Joshi, P.K., Vyas, S. (2017). Farmers’ prioritization of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technolo-gies. Agric. Syst., 151, 184–191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2016.10.005
Krejcie, R.V., Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educ. Psychol. Meas, 30(3), 607–610.
Manganyi, B., Lubinga, M.H., Zondo, B., Tempia, N. (2023). Factors Influencing Cassava Sales and Income Generation among Cassa-va Producers in South Africa. Sustainability, 15, 14366. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914366
Masamha, B., Thebe, V., Uzokwe, V.N.E. (2018). Mapping cassava food value chains in Tanzania’s smallholder farming sector: The implications of intra-household gender dynamics. J. Rural Stud., 58, 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.011
McNally, A., Verdin, K., Harrison, L., Getirana, A., Jacob, J., Shukla, S., Arsenault, K., Peters-Lidard, C., Verdin, J.P. (2019). Acute water-scarcity monitoring for Africa. Water., 11(1968). http://dx.doi:10.3390/w11101968
Mobio, A.J., Fokou, G., Aka, S., Kouassi, K.B., Kreppel, K.S., Kouakou, K.P., Amanzou, N.A.A., Dao, D., Bonfoh, B. (2021). Explor-ing beyond the conjunctural rhetoric: sociocultural drivers for the “cassava crisis” in Côte d’Ivoire. Agric. Food Econ., 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-020-00174-0
Mudombi, C.R. (2010). An ex-ante economic evaluation of genetically modified cassava in South Africa. [Dissertation]. Pretoria: The University of Pretoria.
Mutyaba, C., Lubinga, M.H., Ogwal, R.O., Tumwesigye, S. (2016). The role of institutions as actors influencing Uganda’s cassava sector. J. Agric. Rural Dev. Trop. Subtrop., 1(117), 113–123.
Nassar, N., Ortiz, R. (2010). Breeding cassava to feed the poor. Food Sci., 302, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0510-78
Ngenoh, G.C., Kariuki, I.M., Gathungu, E.W., Kiprop, S.K. (2020). Factors influencing the choice of marketing strategies among cas-sava microenterprises in Kenya. Afr. Crop Sci. J., 28(1), 117–129. doi.org/10.4314/acsj.v28i1.9S
Ngobeni, L., Nkosi, Z. (2023). Cassava: an untapped resource in South Africa. Retrieved Oct 2nd 2023 from: https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/crops/field-crops/cassava-an-untapped-resource-in-south-africa/
Nweke, F.I., Spencer, D.S.C., Lynam, J.K. (2002). The cassava transformation: Africa’s best-kept secret. East Lansing Michigan: Michigan State University (p. 273–274).
OECD/FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020-2029. Rome/Paris: FAO/OECD Publishing; 2020. http://doi.org/10.1787/1112c23b-en
Ogola, J.B.O., Mathews, C., Magongwa, S.M. (2013). The productivity of cassava-legume intercropping system in a dry environment in Nelspruit, South Africa. Afr. Crop Sci. Conf. Proc., 11, 61–65.
Ogunniyi, L.T. (2011). Household consumption of cassava products in Oyo State. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res., 11(6), 39–43.
Ogunyinka, O., Oguntuase, A. (2020). Analysis of cassava production and processing by various groups in support of cassava value chain in southwest of Nigeria. J. Sci. Food Agric., 9(1), 11–19. 10.5897/ISABB-JFAS2020.0113
Okudoh, V.I., Workneh, C.T., Schmidt, S. (2014). The potential of cassava biomass and applicable technologies for sustainable biogas production in South Africa: A review. Renew., 39, 1035–1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.142
Olasanmi, B. (2015). High-resolution linkage map and chromosome-scale genome assembly for cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) from 10 populations. G3: Genes Genom. Genet., 5, 133–144.
Opondo, F., Owuor, G. (2018). The effect of cassava commercialization on household income of smallholder farmers in arid and semi-arid land (Asal). A case of Kilifi County, Kenya. The 30th International Conference of Agricultural Economists; July 28 – August 2 2018; Vancouver, Canada.
Osikabor, B., Oladele, I.O., Ogunlade, A.I. (2011). Worth assessment of information and their access points by small sale cassava farm-ers in Nigeria. S. Afr. J. Agric. Ext., 39(2), 69–78.
Owusu, V., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Donkor, E. (2017). Consumer perceptions and willingness to pay for cassava-wheat composite bread in Ghana: A hedonic pricing approach. J. Agribus. Dev. Emerg. Econ., (7)2, 115–134. Retrieved from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JADEE-11-2014-0044/full/html
Raufu, M.O., Adesina, B.A., Abdulazeez, A.A., Marizu, J.T. (2018). Cassava production and options of sales outlets in Oyo State. Int. J. Res. Stud., 5(4), 175–181.
Sewando, P.T., Mdoe, N.Y.S., Mutabazi, K.D.S. (2011). Farmers’ preferential choice decisions to alternative cassava value chain strands in Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania. Agric. J., 6(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/aj.2011.313.321
Tadesse, A., Gutema, T. (2021). Evaluation and popularization of processing, post-harvest handling and utilization of cassava food products in South Omo Zone. Int. J. Epidemiol. Publ. Health Res., 1(1). http://doi.org/03.2021/1.1007
Tirra, A.N., Oluoch-Kosura, W., Nyanganga, H., Mwang’ombe, A.W. (2019). Determinants of participation decision in cassava mar-keting by smallholder farmers in Taita-Taveta and Kilifi Counties, Kenya. J. Agric. Sci., 11(17), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n17p98
Wang, W., Xie, L., Chen, J., Luo, G., Zhou, Q. (2011). Biohydrogen and methane production by co-digestion of cassava stillage and excess sludge under thermophilic conditions. Bioresour. Technol., 102, 3833–3839.
Lukhele, J., Tsvakirai, C., & Tshehla, M. (2023). DETERMINING THE DRIVERS AND DETERRENTS OF CLIMATE-SMART CROP ADOPTION: THE CASE OF CASSAVA IN MPUMALANGA PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 70(4), 391–400. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2023.01718
Jemmie Caren Lukhele
1University of Mpumalanga South Africa
1University of Mpumalanga South Africa
Chiedza Zvirurami Tsvakirai
chichitsvakirai@gmail.com
University of South Africa South Africa
University of South Africa South Africa
Makgopa Tshehla
University of South Afric South Africa
University of South Afric South Africa
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