Betaine supplementation improves CrossFit performance and increases testosterone levels, but has no influence on Wingate power: randomized crossover trial
Emilia Zawieja 1, Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski 2, 3, Marcin Sadowski 1, Natalia Główka 2, Agata Chmurzynska 1
1 Poznan University of Life Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań, Poland.
2 Poznan University of Physical Education, Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań, Poland.
3 Charles University, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Prague, Czech Republic.
Background: Because betaine (BET) supplementation may improve muscular strength and endurance, it seems plausible that BET will also influence CrossFit performance (CF).
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three weeks of BET supplementation on body composition, CF performance, muscle power in the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT), and the concentrations of selected hormones. The secondary aims were to analyze the effectiveness of two different BET doses (2.5 and 5.0 g/d) and their interaction with the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genotype.
Methods: The study was designed in a double-blinded randomized cross-over fashion. Forty-three CF practitioners completed the entire study. CF performance was measured using the Fight Gone Bad (FGB) workout and muscle power was evaluated in a 30-second WAnT. Body composition was determined by air-displacement plethysmography. Blood was drawn to assess hormone concentrations. The C677T single nucleotide polymorphism (rs180113) in the MTHFR gene was analyzed.
Results: FGB total improved with BET by 8.7 ± 13.6% (p < 0.001), but no significant changes were observed with placebo (- 0.4 ± 10.0%, p = 0.128). No changes were also observed in WAnT and body composition. After BET supplementation testosterone concentration increased by 7.0 ± 15.4% with BET (p = 0.046) (no change with placebo: 1.5 ± 19.6%, p = 0.884) but had no effect on concentrations of insulin-like growth factor or cortisol. Finally, there were no significant interactions between MTHFR genotype and BET dose in any outcome.
Conclusions: BET supplementation may improve CF performance and increase testosterone concentration. However, there was no evidence of a difference between dosages (2.5 and 5.0 g/d) and MTHFR genotypes. The trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03702205) on 10 October 2018.
Keywords: Betaine; CrossFit; Wingate test; supplementation; testosterone.
PMID: 37409757 PMCID: PMC10327519 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2231411
