The THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE: EVIDENCE FROM FARMING HOUSEHOLDS
Abstract
Issues relating to food availability, accessibility, affordability, and utilization remain of paramount importance
among rural households. In order to formulate or implement relevant food security programs in rural areas, it is essential to have a deep understanding of the food security status of rural households. This study sought to determine the prevalence of food insecurity among rural households in the Eastern Cape Province, as well as its key socioeconomic and demographic factors. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 240 households using questionnaires about food security. A convenience sampling method was used to collect data, along with
a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the data. The binary logistic regression model revealed that age of household head, education level of household head, access to credit, household income, and household size were all associated with food security status. Thus, this study recommends that the government at all levels (local, state, and federal) have an adequate
budget allocated to increasing awareness of the benefits of participating in farming to improve the livelihood outcomes of households
Keywords
household-level; food security; dietary diversity; socioeconomic characteristics; logistic regression model
References
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Masuku, M., Mosa, S., Nkosi, N. (2017). Status of household food security in rural areas. Afr. J. Hospit. Tour. Leis., 6, 25–30.
Maziya, G., Cocconi, L., Pruessner, G., Moloney, N.R. (2020). Dynamically accelerated cover times. Physic. Rev. Res., 2(2), 023421.
McCracken, V., Brandt, J. (1987). Household consumption of food away from home: total expenditure and by type of food facility. Am. J. Agric. Eco., 69, 274–284.
Mdoda, L., Obi, A. (2019). Analysis of profitability of smallholder irrigated food plots in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. J. Agribus. Rural Dev., 53(3), 225–232.
Megbowon, E.T., Mushunje, A. (2018). Assessment of food security among households in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: Evi-dence from general household survey, 2014. International J. Soc. Econ., 45(1), 2–17.
Ncube, N., Kang’ethe, S.M. (2015). Pitting the state of food security against some Millennium development goals in a few countries of the developing world. J. Hum. Eco., 293–300.
Ndobo, F.P. (2013) Determining the food security status of household in a South African township. MSc, North West University, South Africa.
Neumann, C.G., Murphy, S.P., Gewa, C., Grillenberger, M., Bwibo, N.O. (2002). Meat supplementation improves growth, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in Kenyan children. J. Nutr., 137(10), 19–23.
Obayelu, O.A., Orosile, O.R. (2015). Rural livelihood and food poverty in Ekiti State, Nigeria. J. Agric. Env. Int. Dev. (JAEID), 109(2), 307–323.
Ogunniyi, A.I., Omotoso, S.O., Salman, K.K., Omotayo, A.O., Olagunju, K.O., Aremu, A.O. (2021). Socio-economic drivers of food security among rural households in Nigeria: Evidence from smallholder maize farmers. Soc. Indic. Res., 155(2), 583–599.
Oluyole, K.A., Oni, O.A., Omonona, B.T., Adenegak, O. (2009). Food security among cocoa farming households of Ondo State, Nige-ria. ARPN J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 4(5), 7–13.
Omotayo, A.O., Aremu, A.O. (2020). Underutilized African indigenous fruit trees and food–nutrition security : Opportunities, chal-lenges, and prospects. Food Energy Sec., 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.220
Olubunmi, F., Babalola, S.O. (2016). Factors influencing knowledge sharing among information and communication technology artisans in Nigeria. J. Syst. Inf. Technol., 18(2), 148–169.
Ozughalu, U.M., Ogwumike, F.O. (2015). Food poverty profile for Nigeria. J. Dev. Area., 49(2), 183–201.
Patrick, S. (2012). Determinants of food accessibility of rural households in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. MSc, Ghent Univer-sity.
Redman, B.(1980). The impact of women’s time allocation on expenditure for meals away from home and prepared foods. Amer. J. Agric. Eco., 62(11), 234–237.
Rogan, M., Reynolds, J. (2018). Meeting food security needs in very poor households in the Eastern Cape: The role of own agricultural production. Dev. South Afr., 35(1), 1–15.
Sani, S., Kemaw, B. (2019). Analysis of households food insecurity and its coping mechanisms in Western Ethiopia. Agric. Food Econ., 7(1), 1–20.
Selepe, B.M., Mtyingizane, S.S., Masuku, M.M. (2015). Factors contributing to household food insecurity in Mhlontlo Area, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Afr. J. Hospit., 4(1), 2223–2814.
Shange, N.S.Q. (2015). Socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of in-field rainwater harvesting technology for enhancing household food secure by smallholder farmers in the Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Msc. University of Fort Hare.
Shisanya, S.O., Hendriks, S.L. (2011). The contribution of community gardens to food security in the Maphephetheni Uplands. Dev. South. Afr., 28(4), 509–526.
Sigigaba, M., Mdoda, L., Mditshwa, A. (2021). Adoption drivers of improved open-pollinated (OPVs) maize varieties by smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Sustainability, 13(24), 13644.
SSA (Statistics South Africa). (2011). Key results for the Eastern Cape Province. Eastern Cape. Statistics South Africa.
SSA (Statistics South Africa). (2014). General household survey 2014 (ver. 2). Statistics South Africa. Retrieved Jan 25th 2020. https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index. php/catalog/192
SSA (Statistics South Africa). (2016). Community Survey 2016. Statistical Release P0301/Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.
Steward, H., Blisard, N., Byuyan, S., Nayga, R.(2004). The Demand for Food from Home: Full-Service or Fast Food. United States: Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Taruvinga, A., Mushunje, A. (2010). Socio-economic factors that influence households participation in wetland cultivation: A binary logistic regression of wetland cultivators and noncultivators, 1–20. (No. 308-2016-5063).
Tshediso, J.S. (2013). Determinants of food security status of households receiving government grants in Kwakwatsi, South Africa. Med. J. Soc. Sci, 4, 147–153.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2012). Africa human development report 2012: towards a food secure future. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
Vella, J. (2015). Food and water security in South Africa: present and future. Retrieved Nov 15th 2017 from: http://www.futuredirections.org.au/
Adeniyi, O.R., Ojo, O.A. (2013). Food security status of rural farming households in Iwo, Ayedire and Ayedaade Local Government Areas of Osun State, South-Western Nigeria. Afr. J. Agric.Nutr. Dev, 13, 8209–8223.
Anyaeji., R.C., Arene, C.J. (2010). Determinants of food security among households in Nsukka Metropolis of Enugu State, Nigeria. Pakist. J. Soc. Sci., 30(1), 9–16.
Araar, A., Duclos, J.Y. (2013). User manual DASP version 2.3. DASP: Distributive Analysis Stata Package. Université Laval, PEP, CIRPÉE and World Bank.
Ayele, A.W. (2020). Determinant factors of food security among households in Northern Ethiopia: An application of binary logistic regression model. J. Glob. Econ., 8(4).
Babatunde, R.O., Omotesho, O.A., Sholotan, O.S. (2011). Factors influencing food security status of rural farming households in north central Nigeria. Agri. J., 2, 351–357.
Bashir, M.K., Schilizzi, S., Pandit, R. (2012). The determinants of rural household food security: The case of landless households of the Punjab. Pakistan, Working Paper, 1208.
Carter, S., Taylor, D., Levenson R.A.(2005). Question of choice-compliance in medicine taking (3rd ed.). Medicines Partnership: Lon-don.
Cheteni, P., Khamfula, Y., Mah, G. (2019). Gender and poverty in South African rural areas. Cogent Soc. Sci., 5(1).
Cleaver, K., Okidegbe, N., De Nys, E.(2015). Agriculture and rural development: Hunger and Malnutrition. World Bank Seminar Se-ries: Global Issues Facing Humanity.
DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Forestry &Fisheries). (2002). Food security policy of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Gov-ernment Publications.
Department of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries. (2017). Food security policy of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Government Publications.
Dodd, N.M., Nyabvudzi, T.G. (2014). Unemployment, living wages and food security in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa. J. Hum. Ecol., 47(2), 117–123.
Du Toit, D. (2011). Food security. Directorate Economic Services: Production Economics unit. ECDC. 2013. About the Eastern Cape: District population. Retrieved Sep 11th 2017 from: http://www.ecdc.co.za/
Felker-Kantor, E., Wood, C.H. (2012). Female-headed households and food insecurity in Brazil. Food Sec., 4(4), 607–617.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation). (2008). Climate change and food security: a framework document. Rome: The Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nation.
Garrett, I.J., Ruel, M.T. (1999) .Are determinants of rural and urban food security andnutritional status different? Some insights from Mozambique. World Dev., 27(11), 1955–1975.
Goodall, K. (2019). Food security: what is it all about? Retrieved 20th July 2019 from: http://www.agrifood
Hart, T. (2009). Exploring definition of food insecurity and vulnerability: time to refocus assessment. Agrekon, 48(70), 362–383.
Human Sciences Research Council (2006).Poverty in South Africa: Extent of access to food and income. HSRC Review, 4(5), 16–25.
Iduku, F.O., Angba, A.O., Ushie, M.E. (2012). Food insecurity challenges and sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. OIDA Int. J. Sust. Dev., 5(10), 25–30.
Iftikhar, S., Mahmood, H.Z., Yildiz, F. (2017) Ranking and relationship of agricultural credit with food security: A district level analy-sis. Cogent Food Agric., 3, 133242.
Kruger, H., Hendricks, M., Puoane, T. (Ed.). (2008). Nutritional management of multiple nutrient deficiencies. In: N. Steyn, N. Temple, Community textbook for nutrition in South Africa: A rights-based approach (pp. 663–694). South Africa: Medical Research Coun-cil.
Kuwornu, J.K.M., Mensah-Bonsu, A., Ibrahim, H. (2012) Analysis of foodstuff price volatility in Ghana: Implications for food securi-ty. Eur. J. Bus. Manag., 3, 100–118.
Lavrakas, P.J. (2008). Encyclopedia of survey research methods. New York: Wiley.
Leedy, P., Ormrod, J. (2001). Practical research: Planning and design (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Masifunde Education and Development Project Trust (2018). Threats to the food security and Food sovereignty in the Eastern Cape. Retrieved Apr 2nd XXXX from: http://www.biosafetyinfo.net/file_dir/9260820094dda3a605ad33.pdf
Masuku, M., Selepe, M., Ngcobo, N. (2017). Status of household food security in rural areas at uThungulu District, Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Afr. J. Hospit. Tour. Leis., 6, 1–11.
Masuku, M., Mosa, S., Nkosi, N. (2017). Status of household food security in rural areas. Afr. J. Hospit. Tour. Leis., 6, 25–30.
Maziya, G., Cocconi, L., Pruessner, G., Moloney, N.R. (2020). Dynamically accelerated cover times. Physic. Rev. Res., 2(2), 023421.
McCracken, V., Brandt, J. (1987). Household consumption of food away from home: total expenditure and by type of food facility. Am. J. Agric. Eco., 69, 274–284.
Mdoda, L., Obi, A. (2019). Analysis of profitability of smallholder irrigated food plots in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. J. Agribus. Rural Dev., 53(3), 225–232.
Megbowon, E.T., Mushunje, A. (2018). Assessment of food security among households in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: Evi-dence from general household survey, 2014. International J. Soc. Econ., 45(1), 2–17.
Ncube, N., Kang’ethe, S.M. (2015). Pitting the state of food security against some Millennium development goals in a few countries of the developing world. J. Hum. Eco., 293–300.
Ndobo, F.P. (2013) Determining the food security status of household in a South African township. MSc, North West University, South Africa.
Neumann, C.G., Murphy, S.P., Gewa, C., Grillenberger, M., Bwibo, N.O. (2002). Meat supplementation improves growth, cognitive, and behavioral outcomes in Kenyan children. J. Nutr., 137(10), 19–23.
Obayelu, O.A., Orosile, O.R. (2015). Rural livelihood and food poverty in Ekiti State, Nigeria. J. Agric. Env. Int. Dev. (JAEID), 109(2), 307–323.
Ogunniyi, A.I., Omotoso, S.O., Salman, K.K., Omotayo, A.O., Olagunju, K.O., Aremu, A.O. (2021). Socio-economic drivers of food security among rural households in Nigeria: Evidence from smallholder maize farmers. Soc. Indic. Res., 155(2), 583–599.
Oluyole, K.A., Oni, O.A., Omonona, B.T., Adenegak, O. (2009). Food security among cocoa farming households of Ondo State, Nige-ria. ARPN J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 4(5), 7–13.
Omotayo, A.O., Aremu, A.O. (2020). Underutilized African indigenous fruit trees and food–nutrition security : Opportunities, chal-lenges, and prospects. Food Energy Sec., 9(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.220
Olubunmi, F., Babalola, S.O. (2016). Factors influencing knowledge sharing among information and communication technology artisans in Nigeria. J. Syst. Inf. Technol., 18(2), 148–169.
Ozughalu, U.M., Ogwumike, F.O. (2015). Food poverty profile for Nigeria. J. Dev. Area., 49(2), 183–201.
Patrick, S. (2012). Determinants of food accessibility of rural households in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. MSc, Ghent Univer-sity.
Redman, B.(1980). The impact of women’s time allocation on expenditure for meals away from home and prepared foods. Amer. J. Agric. Eco., 62(11), 234–237.
Rogan, M., Reynolds, J. (2018). Meeting food security needs in very poor households in the Eastern Cape: The role of own agricultural production. Dev. South Afr., 35(1), 1–15.
Sani, S., Kemaw, B. (2019). Analysis of households food insecurity and its coping mechanisms in Western Ethiopia. Agric. Food Econ., 7(1), 1–20.
Selepe, B.M., Mtyingizane, S.S., Masuku, M.M. (2015). Factors contributing to household food insecurity in Mhlontlo Area, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Afr. J. Hospit., 4(1), 2223–2814.
Shange, N.S.Q. (2015). Socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of in-field rainwater harvesting technology for enhancing household food secure by smallholder farmers in the Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Msc. University of Fort Hare.
Shisanya, S.O., Hendriks, S.L. (2011). The contribution of community gardens to food security in the Maphephetheni Uplands. Dev. South. Afr., 28(4), 509–526.
Sigigaba, M., Mdoda, L., Mditshwa, A. (2021). Adoption drivers of improved open-pollinated (OPVs) maize varieties by smallholder farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Sustainability, 13(24), 13644.
SSA (Statistics South Africa). (2011). Key results for the Eastern Cape Province. Eastern Cape. Statistics South Africa.
SSA (Statistics South Africa). (2014). General household survey 2014 (ver. 2). Statistics South Africa. Retrieved Jan 25th 2020. https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index. php/catalog/192
SSA (Statistics South Africa). (2016). Community Survey 2016. Statistical Release P0301/Statistics South Africa, Pretoria.
Steward, H., Blisard, N., Byuyan, S., Nayga, R.(2004). The Demand for Food from Home: Full-Service or Fast Food. United States: Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Taruvinga, A., Mushunje, A. (2010). Socio-economic factors that influence households participation in wetland cultivation: A binary logistic regression of wetland cultivators and noncultivators, 1–20. (No. 308-2016-5063).
Tshediso, J.S. (2013). Determinants of food security status of households receiving government grants in Kwakwatsi, South Africa. Med. J. Soc. Sci, 4, 147–153.
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). (2012). Africa human development report 2012: towards a food secure future. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
Vella, J. (2015). Food and water security in South Africa: present and future. Retrieved Nov 15th 2017 from: http://www.futuredirections.org.au/
Mnukwa, M., Nontu, Y., Mdoda, L., & Aliber, M. (2022). The THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE: EVIDENCE FROM FARMING HOUSEHOLDS. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 64(2), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.JARD.2022.01554
Minentle Lwando Mnukwa
mnukwalwando@gmail.com
University of Fort Hare, South Africa South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9828-1426
University of Fort Hare, South Africa South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9828-1426
Yanga Nontu
2Discipline of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-9437
2Discipline of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4843-9437
Lelethu Mdoda
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5402-1304
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5402-1304
Machael Aliber, Professor
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-0379
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa South Africa
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-0379
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