PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY OF MAJOR CROPS AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN CENTRAL ETHIOPIA
Abstract
Agricultural production of most smallholders in Ethiopia is dependent with recurrent rainfall resulted in production variations. Limited input availability and precarious environmental conditions determine smallholders’ decisions on their production and the production efficiencies vary from farmer to farmer. This study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of smallholder farmers in the production of major crops and their determinants in central Ethiopia, Oromia special zone surrounding Addis Ababa. Multistage sampling technique was employed to randomly and proportionally select 386 smallholders from ten PAs. Primary data were collected from smallholders through a semi structured questionnaire using face to face interview. Cross sectional data collected from sampled households in the study area were analyzed using mathematical and econometric methods. Mathematical programming technique selected for this study was Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) using linear programming technique assuming multi-input and multi-outputs were handled. Tobit regression model was regressed against the socioeconomic, demographic, and institutional variables that are expected to affect the technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of sampled households. The results of estimated efficiency scores show the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 0.75, 0.60 and 0.45 respectively. The mean scores of efficiencies show underutilization of resources and the possibilities of smallholders to increase their agricultural production by 25%, and reduce cost of production by 40% and total cost by 55%. Marital status, level of education, farming experience, access to credit, cooperative membership, access to farming information, and off/non-farm income has positive influence on the technical, allocative and economic efficiencies. While age of the household head, access to training and livestock size has negative relations to efficiencies. Delivery of agricultural inputs and trainings on time by the government is the key policy implication to improve the efficiencies of smallholders.
Keywords
Efficiency; DEA; Crop production; Multi input-output; Smallholders
References
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Alemayehu, S., Dorosh, P., Sinafikeh, A. (2011). Crop production in Ethiopia: regional patterns and trends. Development strategy and governance division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, Ethiopia. ESSP II Working Paper 16.
Beyan, A., Jema, H., Endrias, G. (2013). Analysis of farm households’ technical efficiency in production of smallholder farmers: the case of Girawa district, Ethiopia. Am.- Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 13(12), 1615–1621.
BoFED (Bureau of Finance and Economic Development). (2011). The national regional government of Oromia physical and socioeconomic profile of Finfinne sorounding special zone.
BoFED (Bureau of Finance and Economic Development). (2014). National regional state of Oromiya. Physical and socio-economic Profile of Oromiya. Third edition. Regional statistics, socio-economic and physical study directorate.
Brazdik, F. (2004). Stochastic data envelopment analysis: Oriented and linearized models. A joint workplace of the Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Charles University, Prague, and the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
Chepngetich. E., Nyamwaro, S.O., Bett, E.K., Kwena, K. (2013). Analysis of technical efficiency of sorghum production in lower eastern Kenya. Joint proceedings of the 27th Soil Science Society of East Africa and the 6th African Soil Science Society, 20-25 October 2013.
Cochran, W.G. (1963). Sampling techniques (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Coelli, T.J., Rao, P.D.S., O’Donnel, C.J., Battese, G.E. (2005). An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis (Second). Springer Science + Business media, Inc.
Coker, A.A., Ibrahim, F., Ibeziako,U. (2018). Influence of agricultural technology utilization on technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Nigeria: Evidence from parametric analysis. RJOAS, 3(1), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.18551/ rjoas.2018-03.18
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Cvetkoska, V. (2011). Data envelopment analysis approach and its application in information and communication technologies. In: Proceedings of the international conference on information and communication technologies for sustainable agri-production and encironment (pp. 8–11).
Dipeolu, A.O., Akinbode, S.O., Okoruwa, V.O. (2008). Technical, economic and allocative efficiencies of pepper production in south-west Nigeria: A stochastic frontier approach. J. Rural Econ. Dev., 17(1), 24–33.
Fang, L. (2015). Centralized resource allocation based on efficiency analysis for step-by-step improvement paths. Omega, 51, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. omega.2014.09.003
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Jema, H. (2007). Production efficiency of smallholders’ vegetable-dominated mixed farming system in eastern Ethiopia: A non-parametric approach. J. Afr. Econ., 16(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejl044
Kifle, K., Moti, J., Belaineh, L. (2017). Economic efficiency of smallholder farmers in maize production in Bako Tibe district, Ethiopia. J. Dev. Countr. Stud., 7(2), 80–86.
Mburu, S., Ackello-Ogutu, C., Mulwa, R. (2014). Analysis of economic efficiency and farm size: A case study of wheat farmers in Nakuru district, Kenya. Econ. Res. Int.l, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/802706
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Mulwa, C., Marenya, P., Rahut, D.B., Kassie, M. (2017). Response to climate risks among smallholder farmers in Malawi: A multivariate probit assessment of the role of information, household demographics, and farm characteristics. Clim. Risk Manag., 16, 208–221. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.01.002
Mussa, C.E., Obare, G.A., Bogale, A., Simtowe, P.F. (2012). Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop-livestock agricultural systems: Empirical evidence from the central highlands of Ethiopia. J. Dev. Country Studies, 2(9), 30–40.
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Nega, W., Ehui, S. (2006). Technical efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in the central Ethiopian highlands. In: International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference. Gold Coast. Okeke,
D.C., Chukwuji, C.O., Ogisi, O.D. (2012). Data envelopment analysis approach to resource – use efficiency among rice farmers in Anambra state – Nigeria. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res. Agric. Biol., 12(5).
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Saen, R.F. (2010). Developing a new data envelopment analysis methodology for supplier selection in the presence of both undesirable outputs and imprecise data. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 51(9–12), 1243–1250. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00170-010-2694-3.
Sherman, H.D., Zhu. J. (2006). Data envelopment analysis explained. In service productivity management, improving service performance using data envelopment analysis (DEA) (pp. 49–89).
Shumet, A. (2011). Analysis of technical efficiency of crop producing smallholder farmers in Tigray, Ethiopia. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Analysis. Retrieved from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40461/
Sibiko, K.W., Owuor, G., Birachi, E., Gido, E.O., Ayuya, O.I., Mwangi, J.K. (2013). Analysis of determinants of productivity and technical efficiency among smallholder common bean farmers in eastern Uganda. Curr. Res. J. Econ. Theor., 5(3), 44–55.
Sisay, D., Jema, H., Degye, G., Abdi-Khalil, E. (2015). Technical, allocative, and economic efficiency among smallholder maize farmers in Southwestern Ethiopia: Parametric approach. J. Dev. Agric. Econ., 7(8), 282–291.
Tadie, A., Abebe, D.B., Taye, M.M. (2019). Technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in red pepper production in North Gondar zone Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. J. Econ. Struct., 8(18), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40008-019-0150-6
Tchale, H. (2009). The efficiency of smallholder agriculture in Malawi. AFJARE, 3(2), 101–121.
Wudineh, G., Endrias, G. (2017). Technical efficiency of smallholder barley farmers: The case of Welmera district, Central Oromia, Ethiopia. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 12(22), 1897–1905. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11987
10.1186/s40008-019-0150-6
Ajibefun, I. A. (2008). An evaluation of parametric and non-parametric methods of technical efficiency measurement: Application to small scale food crop production in Nigeria. Journal of agriculture and social sciences, 4, 95–100.
Alemayehu, S., Dorosh, P., and Sinafikeh, A. (2011). Crop production in Ethiopia: regional patterns and trends. Development strategy and governance division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, Ethiopia.ESSP II Working Paper 16.
Asefa, S. (2011). Analysis of technical efficiency of crop producing smallholder farmers in Tigray,Ethiopia. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Analysis. Retrieved from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40461/
Brazdik, F. (2004). Stochastic data envelopment analysis: Oriented and linearized models. A joint workplace of the Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Charles University, Prague, and the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED).(2014). National regional state of Oromiya. Physical and socio-economic Profile of Oromiya. Third edition.Regional statistics, socio-economic and physical study directorate.
Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BOFED). (2011). The national regional government of Oromia physical and socioeconomic profile of Finfinne sorounding special zone.
Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2018). Report on area and production for major crops (private peasant holdings, Meher season). Statistical Bulletin No. 584 (Vol. I).
Cochran, W. G. (1963). Sampling techniques, 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Coelli, T.J., Rao, P.D.S., O’donnel, C.J., Battese,G.E. (2005). An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis (Second). Springer.
Coker, A.A., Ibrahim, F., and Ibeziako,U. (2018). Influence of agricultural technology utilization on technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Nigeria: Evidence from parametric analysis. RJOAS, 3(1), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-03.18
Cvetkoska, V. (2011). Data envelopment analysis approach and its application in information and communication technologies. In proceedings of the international conference on information and communication technologies for sustainable agri-production and encironment (pp. 8–11).
Degefa, K., Jaleta, M., and Legesse, B. (2017). Economic efficiency of smallholder farmers in maize production in Bako Tibe district, Ethiopia. J. Developing country studies, 7(2), 80–86.
Dipeolu, A.O., Akinbode, S.O., and Okoruwa, V.O. (2008). Technical, economic and allocative efficiencies of pepper production in south-west Nigeria: A stochastic frontier approach. Journal of rural economics and development, 17(1): 24-33
Fang, L. (2015). Centralized resource allocation based on efficiency analysis for step-by-step improvement paths. Omega, 51, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2014.09.003
Fang, L. and Li, H.(2015). Centralized resource allocation based on the cost–revenue analysis. Journal of computers and industrial engineering, 85:395–401.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.04.018
Farrell, M. J. (1957). The measurement of production efficiency. Journal of the royal statistical society, 120(3), 253–290.
Food and Agricultural Organization (Fao)/International Finance Corporation World Bank Group (IFC). (2015). Irrigation market brief. Rome.
Gbigbi, M. T. (2011). Economic efficiency of smallholder sweet potato producers in Delta state, Nigeria: A case study of Ughelli south local government area. Research journal of agriculture and biological sciences, 7(2), 163–168.
Gela, A., Haji, J., Ketema, M., and Abate, H. (2019). Technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of small-scale sesame farmers: the case of west Gondar zone, Ethiopia. Review of agricultural and applied economics, 22(2), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.15414/raae.2019.22.02.10-17
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Haji, J. (2007). Production efficiency of smallholders’ vegetable-dominated mixed farming system in eastern Ethiopia: A non-parametric approach. Journal of african economies, 16(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejl044
Mburu, S., Ackello-Ogutu, C., and Mulwa, R. (2014). Analysis of economic efficiency and farm size: A case study of wheat farmers in Nakuru district, Kenya. Economics research international, 2014, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/802706
Mcdonald, J. (2009). Using least squares and tobit in second stage DEA efficiency analyses. European journal of operational research, 197, 792–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.07.039
Mulwa, C., Marenya, P., Rahut, D. B., and Kassie, M. (2017). Response to climate risks among smallholder farmers in Malawi: A multivariate probit assessment of the role of information, household demographics, and farm characteristics. Climate risk management, 16, 208–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.01.002
Mussa, C.E., Obare, G.A., Bogale, A., and Simtowe, P.F. (2012).Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop-livestock agricultural systems: Empirical evidence from the central highlands of Ethiopia. Journal of developing country studies, 2(9):30-40.
National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE). (2019). National Bank of Ethiopia annual report 2018/19 (Vol. 01).
Nega, W., and Ehui, S. (2006). Technical efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in the central Ethiopian highlands. In international association of agricultural economists conference. Gold coast.
Okeke, D. C., Chukwuji, C. O., and Ogisi, O. D. (2012). Data envelopment analysis approach to resource – use efficiency among rice farmers in Anambra state – Nigeria. Global journal of science frontier research agriculture and biology, 12(5).
PAUL, U.K., GURUDAS, D., TANUJ, M. and AVIJIT, D. (2017). Economic efficiency and its effect on cost: A case study of organic pineapple in India‟s northeast. J.Org. Agr. 7:281–291.DOI 10.1007/s13165-016-0156-4.
Platform for Agricultural Risk Management (PARM). (2016). Risk assessment: Ethiopia, agricultural risk profile, (November), 1–4.
Saen, R.F. (2010). Developing a new data envelopment analysis methodology for supplier selection in the presence of both undesirable outputs and imprecise data. International journal of advanced manufacturing technology, 51(9–12), 1243–1250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-010-2694-3.
Sherman, H.D. and Zhu. (2006). Data envelopment analysis explained. In service productivity management, improving service performance using data envelopment analysis (DEA). pp.49-89.
Sibiko, K W. Owuor, G. Birachi, E. Gido, E. O. Ayuya, O.I.and Mwangi, J. K. (2013). Analysis of determinants of productivity and technical efficiency among smallholder common bean farmers in eastern Uganda. Current research journal of economic theory, 5(3), 44–55.
Tchale, H. (2009). The efficiency of smallholder agriculture in Malawi. AFJARE, 3(2), 101–121.
Ajibefun, I.A. (2008). An evaluation of parametric and nonparametric methods of technical efficiency measurement: Application to small scale food crop production in Nigeria. J. Agric. Soc. Sci., 4, 95–100.
Alemayehu, S., Dorosh, P., Sinafikeh, A. (2011). Crop production in Ethiopia: regional patterns and trends. Development strategy and governance division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, Ethiopia. ESSP II Working Paper 16.
Beyan, A., Jema, H., Endrias, G. (2013). Analysis of farm households’ technical efficiency in production of smallholder farmers: the case of Girawa district, Ethiopia. Am.- Euras. J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 13(12), 1615–1621.
BoFED (Bureau of Finance and Economic Development). (2011). The national regional government of Oromia physical and socioeconomic profile of Finfinne sorounding special zone.
BoFED (Bureau of Finance and Economic Development). (2014). National regional state of Oromiya. Physical and socio-economic Profile of Oromiya. Third edition. Regional statistics, socio-economic and physical study directorate.
Brazdik, F. (2004). Stochastic data envelopment analysis: Oriented and linearized models. A joint workplace of the Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Charles University, Prague, and the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
Chepngetich. E., Nyamwaro, S.O., Bett, E.K., Kwena, K. (2013). Analysis of technical efficiency of sorghum production in lower eastern Kenya. Joint proceedings of the 27th Soil Science Society of East Africa and the 6th African Soil Science Society, 20-25 October 2013.
Cochran, W.G. (1963). Sampling techniques (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Coelli, T.J., Rao, P.D.S., O’Donnel, C.J., Battese, G.E. (2005). An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis (Second). Springer Science + Business media, Inc.
Coker, A.A., Ibrahim, F., Ibeziako,U. (2018). Influence of agricultural technology utilization on technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Nigeria: Evidence from parametric analysis. RJOAS, 3(1), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.18551/ rjoas.2018-03.18
CSA (Central Statistical Agency). (2017). LSMS-Integrated surveys on agriculture. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) 2015/2016. A report by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia in collaboration with the National Bank of Ethiopia and the World Bank.
CSA (Central Statistical Agency). (2018). Report on area and production for major crops (private peasant holdings, Meher season). Statistical Bulletin No. 584 (Vol. I).
Cvetkoska, V. (2011). Data envelopment analysis approach and its application in information and communication technologies. In: Proceedings of the international conference on information and communication technologies for sustainable agri-production and encironment (pp. 8–11).
Dipeolu, A.O., Akinbode, S.O., Okoruwa, V.O. (2008). Technical, economic and allocative efficiencies of pepper production in south-west Nigeria: A stochastic frontier approach. J. Rural Econ. Dev., 17(1), 24–33.
Fang, L. (2015). Centralized resource allocation based on efficiency analysis for step-by-step improvement paths. Omega, 51, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. omega.2014.09.003
Fang, L., Li, H. (2015). Centralized resource allocation based on the cost–revenue analysis. J. Comp. Ind. Eng., 85, 395– 401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.04.018 FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), IFC (International Finance Corporation World Bank Group). (2015).
Irrigation market brief. Rome. Farrell, M.J. (1957). The measurement of production efficiency. J. Royal Stat. Soc., 120(3), 253–290.
Gbigbi, M.T. (2011). Economic efficiency of smallholder sweet potato producers in Delta state, Nigeria: A case study of Ughelli south local government area. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 7(2), 163–168.
Greene, W.H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th ed.). Prentice Hall. Hassen, B. (2016). Technical efficiency measurement and their differential in wheat production: The case of smallholder farmers in south Wollo. Int. J. Econ. Bus. Fin., 4(1), 1–16.
Jema, H. (2007). Production efficiency of smallholders’ vegetable-dominated mixed farming system in eastern Ethiopia: A non-parametric approach. J. Afr. Econ., 16(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejl044
Kifle, K., Moti, J., Belaineh, L. (2017). Economic efficiency of smallholder farmers in maize production in Bako Tibe district, Ethiopia. J. Dev. Countr. Stud., 7(2), 80–86.
Mburu, S., Ackello-Ogutu, C., Mulwa, R. (2014). Analysis of economic efficiency and farm size: A case study of wheat farmers in Nakuru district, Kenya. Econ. Res. Int.l, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/802706
McDonald, J. (2009). Using least squares and tobit in second stage DEA efficiency analyses. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 197, 792–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2008.07.039
Mulwa, C., Marenya, P., Rahut, D.B., Kassie, M. (2017). Response to climate risks among smallholder farmers in Malawi: A multivariate probit assessment of the role of information, household demographics, and farm characteristics. Clim. Risk Manag., 16, 208–221. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.01.002
Mussa, C.E., Obare, G.A., Bogale, A., Simtowe, P.F. (2012). Analysis of resource use efficiency in smallholder mixed crop-livestock agricultural systems: Empirical evidence from the central highlands of Ethiopia. J. Dev. Country Studies, 2(9), 30–40.
NBE (National Bank of Ethiopia). (2019). National Bank of Ethiopia annual report 2018/19 (Vol. 01).
Nega, W., Ehui, S. (2006). Technical efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in the central Ethiopian highlands. In: International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference. Gold Coast. Okeke,
D.C., Chukwuji, C.O., Ogisi, O.D. (2012). Data envelopment analysis approach to resource – use efficiency among rice farmers in Anambra state – Nigeria. Glob. J. Sci. Front. Res. Agric. Biol., 12(5).
PARM (Platform for Agricultural Risk Management). (2016). Risk assessment: Ethiopia, agricultural risk profile (November), 1–4.
Paul, U.K., Gurudas, D., Tanuj, M., Avijit, D. (2017). Economic efficiency and its effect on cost: A case study of organic pineapple in India’s northeast. J. Org. Agr., 7, 281–291. DOI 10.1007/s13165-016-0156-4.
Saen, R.F. (2010). Developing a new data envelopment analysis methodology for supplier selection in the presence of both undesirable outputs and imprecise data. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., 51(9–12), 1243–1250. https://doi. org/10.1007/s00170-010-2694-3.
Sherman, H.D., Zhu. J. (2006). Data envelopment analysis explained. In service productivity management, improving service performance using data envelopment analysis (DEA) (pp. 49–89).
Shumet, A. (2011). Analysis of technical efficiency of crop producing smallholder farmers in Tigray, Ethiopia. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Analysis. Retrieved from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40461/
Sibiko, K.W., Owuor, G., Birachi, E., Gido, E.O., Ayuya, O.I., Mwangi, J.K. (2013). Analysis of determinants of productivity and technical efficiency among smallholder common bean farmers in eastern Uganda. Curr. Res. J. Econ. Theor., 5(3), 44–55.
Sisay, D., Jema, H., Degye, G., Abdi-Khalil, E. (2015). Technical, allocative, and economic efficiency among smallholder maize farmers in Southwestern Ethiopia: Parametric approach. J. Dev. Agric. Econ., 7(8), 282–291.
Tadie, A., Abebe, D.B., Taye, M.M. (2019). Technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in red pepper production in North Gondar zone Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. J. Econ. Struct., 8(18), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40008-019-0150-6
Tchale, H. (2009). The efficiency of smallholder agriculture in Malawi. AFJARE, 3(2), 101–121.
Wudineh, G., Endrias, G. (2017). Technical efficiency of smallholder barley farmers: The case of Welmera district, Central Oromia, Ethiopia. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 12(22), 1897–1905. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11987
10.1186/s40008-019-0150-6
Ajibefun, I. A. (2008). An evaluation of parametric and non-parametric methods of technical efficiency measurement: Application to small scale food crop production in Nigeria. Journal of agriculture and social sciences, 4, 95–100.
Alemayehu, S., Dorosh, P., and Sinafikeh, A. (2011). Crop production in Ethiopia: regional patterns and trends. Development strategy and governance division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II, Ethiopia.ESSP II Working Paper 16.
Asefa, S. (2011). Analysis of technical efficiency of crop producing smallholder farmers in Tigray,Ethiopia. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Analysis. Retrieved from http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/40461/
Brazdik, F. (2004). Stochastic data envelopment analysis: Oriented and linearized models. A joint workplace of the Center for Economic Research and Graduate Education, Charles University, Prague, and the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.
Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BoFED).(2014). National regional state of Oromiya. Physical and socio-economic Profile of Oromiya. Third edition.Regional statistics, socio-economic and physical study directorate.
Bureau of Finance and Economic Development (BOFED). (2011). The national regional government of Oromia physical and socioeconomic profile of Finfinne sorounding special zone.
Central Statistical Agency (CSA). (2018). Report on area and production for major crops (private peasant holdings, Meher season). Statistical Bulletin No. 584 (Vol. I).
Cochran, W. G. (1963). Sampling techniques, 2nd Ed., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Coelli, T.J., Rao, P.D.S., O’donnel, C.J., Battese,G.E. (2005). An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis (Second). Springer.
Coker, A.A., Ibrahim, F., and Ibeziako,U. (2018). Influence of agricultural technology utilization on technical efficiency of cowpea farmers in Nigeria: Evidence from parametric analysis. RJOAS, 3(1), 162–171. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-03.18
Cvetkoska, V. (2011). Data envelopment analysis approach and its application in information and communication technologies. In proceedings of the international conference on information and communication technologies for sustainable agri-production and encironment (pp. 8–11).
Degefa, K., Jaleta, M., and Legesse, B. (2017). Economic efficiency of smallholder farmers in maize production in Bako Tibe district, Ethiopia. J. Developing country studies, 7(2), 80–86.
Dipeolu, A.O., Akinbode, S.O., and Okoruwa, V.O. (2008). Technical, economic and allocative efficiencies of pepper production in south-west Nigeria: A stochastic frontier approach. Journal of rural economics and development, 17(1): 24-33
Fang, L. (2015). Centralized resource allocation based on efficiency analysis for step-by-step improvement paths. Omega, 51, 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omega.2014.09.003
Fang, L. and Li, H.(2015). Centralized resource allocation based on the cost–revenue analysis. Journal of computers and industrial engineering, 85:395–401.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.04.018
Farrell, M. J. (1957). The measurement of production efficiency. Journal of the royal statistical society, 120(3), 253–290.
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Masresha Y. Eskeziaw
masreshae21@gmail.com
Haramaya University Ethiopia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2330-896X
Haramaya University Ethiopia
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2330-896X
Mengistu Ketema
Haramaya University Ethiopia
Haramaya University Ethiopia
Jema Haji
Haramaya University Ethiopia
Haramaya University Ethiopia
Ketema Bekele
Haramaya University Ethiopia
Haramaya University Ethiopia
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